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Comparison of Database Management System and Information...

1.A) Differentiate between database management system and information retrieval system by focusing on their functionalities. Database Management System or DBMS or short, is a set of computer programs that are responsible for creating, editing, deleting and generally maintain a database or a collection of data records. database management system is determined by the database system. The database model is how the method of collecting the data is stored, managed and administered. Among them are: ï  ± catalogs, books or other types of documents ï  ± computerized bibliographic ï  ± address directory ï  ± newspapers, magazines, journals ï  ± collection ï  ± intranet search engines Advantages of DBMS are : ï  ¶ increase unavailable: One of the principle advantages of DBMS is the same information can be provided to different users. ï  ¶ surplus Scale : Data in a DBMS is easier because , as a general rule , information appears only once . This can reduce data redundancy, or in other words , constantly repeating the same data . Lose excess because it can reduce the cost of storing data on disks and other storage devices . ï  ¶ Accuracy : Accurate , consistent, and regularly update the date data is a sign of data integrity. The opportunity to make mistakes is higher if you need to change the same data to several different places where you need to make changes in one place. ï  ¶ consistent programs and files : Using database management systems , file formats and programs of the system are standard. ThisShow MoreRelatedDigital Images Requires Improved Methods For Sorting, Browsing And Searching Through Ever Growing Image Database1474 Words   |  6 Pagesdigital images requires improved methods for sorting, browsing and searching through ever-growing image databases. CBIR systems are search engines for image databases, which index images according to their content. 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Supporting Young Children through Family Loss Free Essays

Because she was the primary caregiver hile you were at work, the baby may feel a bit disconnected or vulnerable. Possible ways that an infant may respond to a family death. You may notice a bit of a change in the babys personality while she adjusts to the change, but maintaining consistency is going to help her immensely. We will write a custom essay sample on Supporting Young Children through Family Loss or any similar topic only for you Order Now We want her to feel safe and secure. Specific advice from experts on how to help an infant through a family loss. Because children of this age do not understand the concept of death, you may not have to get into much detail. The most crucial thing is going to be to make sure that the baby keeps a constant routine. Keeping ner routine as normal as possible will help get back that feeling of being safe and connected. Part II: Supporting a Toddler Developmental information about what a toddler may feel, believe, or understand about a family death. A lot like the baby, Toddler may not understand the concept of death but will undoubtedly experience a sense of loss from his life. He knows that grandma was a constant, daily fixture. Normally at this age, there is a large component of â€Å"out of sight, out of mind† however once Toddler realizes that there is a prolonged and consistent absence, he will experience grief. Also be aware that he ay be sensing and picking up your feelings and reacting to them, or become irritable, this is quite normal. There are also some other signs of grief that Toddler might experience. Possible ways that a toddler may respond to a family death. Some toddlers do experience a shift in personality or are irritable. Most of the time this is temporary, however some personality changes may happen and this is part of the coping process. Sometimes a child’s view of the world is altered by trauma and causes the changes to be permanent. You may also notice that there is a loss of appetite or he may even select only certain types of food. He should work his way back to normal eating again. If it persists for more than a couple of weeks, see your doctor. Sleep might be affected, either not sleeping or being afraid of falling asleep alone. This problem should diminish over time. Specific advice from experts on how to help a toddler through a family loss. The best advice for helping Toddler is going to be to maintain his sleep, feeding and activities routine as much as possible. This will help him regain his sense of connection and balance. If you do notice a decrease in activity and see him Just lying limply be aware that this is a normal part of the process. Try to offer opportunities for activity and play every day until he responds. Be patient with him. You may also see him regressing to previous activities. Being patient is going to be crucial for him. Part Ill: Supporting a Preschooler Developmental information about what a preschooler may feel, believe, or understand about a family death. Preschooler may experience a couple of things to be on the look-out for. Letting Preschooler know that she didn’t do anything to cause grandma’s death and that there is nothing that you can do to bring her back. Sometimes children develop something called â€Å"magical thinking† where they think hat they either caused the death, could have prevented it or that the person who will come back like a cartoon character. It is not uncommon for a child to continue to believe that the family member is still alive. It is absolutely 0k for you and your family to show emotion around her. This is healthy for her to see. I know how hard this time is for you. Do not add on the extra burden of trying to hide your feelings around the children. Possible ways that a preschooler may respond to a family death. Using the proper term for death is appropriate for Preschooler, so that she can understand and begin get on the road to acceptance. Take cues about attending the funeral from Preschooler. She will let you know. If she is frightened of going, do not force her. Grief is often cyclical and Preschooler may show grief now, and as she enters into her teenage years, she may grieve again. That is perfectly normal when a child loses a loved one in their early years. Three specific ideas or activities the family can do at home to help a preschooler through a family loss. You can offer her an alternative way to remember her like a memorial in grandma’s house, releasing balloons with messages or writing a letter. She will show you how she can best grieve right now. Let Preschooler talk as little or as much about grandma as possible, keep in mind that she may be non-verbally communicating her feelings about the death through play. Acknowledge her and let her communicate in the way that she knows how. References: KidsAid. (n. d. ). Young children and grief. Retrieved February 13, 2009, from http:// kidsaid. com/dougypage. html Hecker, B. (2005). Magical thinking: Children may blame themselves for a parent’s illness and death. Retrieved from http:// medicalcenter. osu. edu/viewer/Pages/index. aspx? p=413 The National Institute for Trauma and Loss in Children. (n. d. ). Infant and toddler grief. Retrieved February 13, 2009, from http://www. tlcinst. org/toddlergrief. html EDUC 1006 Application Assignment Evaluation Criteria Application Assignments are worth a maximum of 400 points for the entire course. Note: For privacy purposes, you may not include the actual name of any student, parent, or professional referenced in the assignment. In this course there are five graded Application Assignments. Each is worth a maximum of 80 points, which will be awarded as follows: 64-80 points Response demonstrates a full understanding and correct use of the concepts and/or strategies as presented in the Learning Resources. Response follows directions and includes all components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and properly cited. Writing demonstrates mastery of all criteria for high academic literacy standards as indicated in â€Å"Writing Across the Curriculum† (see below). 41-63 points Response demonstrates a general understanding and correct use ot the concepts and/or strategies as presented in the Learning Resources. Response follows directions and includes most components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and properly cited. Writing demonstrates mastery of most riteria for high academic literacy standards as indicated in â€Å"Writing Across the Curriculum† (see below). 0 or fewer points Response demonstrates a minimal understanding and correct use of the concepts and/or strategies as presented in the Learning Resources. Response does not follow all directions and is missing components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are not included and properly cited. Writing is unclear and/or disorganized. Thoughts are not expressed in a logical manner. Few criteria for high below) are followed. Writing Across the Curriculum Walden University is committed to high academic literacy standards. To develop these skills in students, this course has a strong emphasis on written assignments which may include content review questions, application assignments, case study analyses, observations, and online discussions. All assignments are expected to meet the following standards: 1 . Clear central idea carefully and coherently developed and with intended emphasis 2. Correct grammar; no persistent mechanical errors 3. Neat appearance with evidence of having been carefully proofread 4. Academic integrity and honesty 5. Full documentation of research work 6. References cited using APA style (except in discussion postings) How to cite Supporting Young Children through Family Loss, Essays

Reflective Business Management and Excercise

Question: Describe about the Reflective Business Management and Excercise. Answer: Introduction In this task, I intend to present an individual reflection on the learning that I have experienced during this course. It will be based on a critical reflection on my personal thoughts, actions as well as experience which relate to the course content I have learned this term touching specifically on my development as a trainer or facilitator (Clark, 2011). The reflection is framed to showcase the effect of the course content to me including my thoughts and feelings as I learn and teach. It will further incorporate other things I have discovered during the term. Growth and Challenges related to learning in class I must start this reflection by acknowledging that throughout the entire course, I have grown effectively despite a few challenges linked to learning in class. Even though it is known theoretically that effective education should balance theoretical and practical experience to assist myself become competitive and competent in health care profession, I must say this act of balancing became on the most hurdle I faced throughout my study in class (Malinen, 2000). Despite being aware that educational training indicates that learners need an enabling environment and learning activities, I have to be cognizant of the fact that it was not as easy as one would think. I realized that the enabling goes beyond a mere existence of facilities and teachers in school but an internal environment of the learner. Another limitation that I acknowledged throughout the course if the lack of motivation. This has derailed my personal and professional development. This is because I am demoralized to partake in reflection or reflective practices from the workforce (Paul Binker, 2010). This is working towards my achievements it paints a picture of me of a conservative person. Accordingly, my fellow colleagues have tended to isolate in most of their undertakings thereby contributing to my weaknesses. This is because failure to participate in the reflective process bars me from the positive packages it comes alongside. For example, through reflective practice, my fellows have continuously progressed concerning professional development thereby having a sustained competitive advantage over me. Particular they have maintained registration and have effectively build up better levels of self-awareness of the practitioners. I have been unable to measure the success of my statement actually because I have been getting it hard to partake learning reflection. This has been a great challenge to me since getting the answer to know how to measure this success is the best idea regarding education (Moon, 2006). This is because it will give the best communication plan hence enabling me to learn from the experience program. Another question that I have been facing challenges to answer is how to determine the type of information my audience need effectively. However, this issue is essential as it helps avoid giving the necessary information hence avoiding both rumors and confusion. I have significantly grown from the course. Unlike previously, I currently have a deeper understanding of teaching practices. I can analyze a problem and get a solution to it because I have mastered the problem-solving techniques. I can relate theory that I have learned throughout the course to practical situations. Moreover, I can keep track of my progress and can acknowledge what my weaknesses and design effective strategies to improve and become better both personally and professionally. I can now face any challenge that comes my way to personally and professionally develop. This can be explained by comparing my previous and current situation about how to present my assignments in a way that is accepted and understandable more quickly. Moreover, I have improved regarding audibility, visually, as well as kinesthetic besides enhancing my cognitive as well as self-confidence. By having this self-confidence, I can now design practical solutions to the problems that I face when teaching. For example, I currently have the ability to address different needs of my students. I have also gained enough information based on the mechanisms useful in understanding my future personal and professional development. I have thus self-evaluated myself to boost the understandability of myself and the people I work with including my students. In so doing, I have gained the necessary tools and technique to undertake self-review, self-awareness, self-assessment as well as self-appraisal, critical evaluation and reflective dialogue processes (Moon, 2006). This has not only benefitted me but has also helped my students. This is because they have been able to understand their identity and appreciate their abilities without feeling inferior to others. In so doing, I have been able to create an interactive class session when practicing and hence giving me the courage and confidence to address each of my students need adequately. Link between what I know and experienced to what I have learned Going through this course has added into what I thought I have known. In some areas, there was disparity while in some there was convention or uniformity. For example, I have known the needs of training within a health organization. This includes sufficient understanding of reflective journal, theoretical approaches to teaching and learning. Moreover, I have also won reflective practice as well as formative assessment. Besides, I have had some knowledge about the design as well as the development of learning alongside training in health as well as social care organization. However, I have been able to have a deeper understanding of what I have known and experienced before following this course (Moon, 2006). From this course, I have been able to close many gaps that have been problematic for me. For example, I have been able to know how to achieve constructive alignment, summative-individual teaching sessions as well as increased my ability to know my audience learning style. Moreover, the course has also improved my knowledge regarding cultural competency as well as delivery. My ability to assess training programs in health as well as social care organization has also been enhanced. I have also been able to gain from the course since it has improved my ability to identify the training needs based on the three assessment as organizational, task and individual assessment (Mezirow, 2011). However, before, I only knew of the personal evaluation. Moreover, the course has also been so close to what I thought about stakeholders analysis. Just like I have always considered stakeholders analysis as the recognition of the key interested parties in the training course design process, the same was affirmed by learning this course (Schlossberg, 2010). However, I did not know that stakeholders analysis also included the assessment of the interest and the ways in which such interests are probably to impact the process (Moon, 2006). Nevertheless, I now have this knowledge saves to the course. However, the reasons provided in the process for stakeholders analysis were things in had known and experienced. For example, I have always known that the parties concerned analysis are undertaken to identify the relations between stakeholders that can be built upon as well as assessing the relevant kind of participation by various stakeholders at different phases of the curriculum development process (Claire Michelle, 2007). Link between my personal experiences with theoretical knowledge Kolbs theory has helped me to connect my experiences with the theoretical knowledge (Kolb, 1984). This theory holds that I cannot perform different variables on time at one axis. Therefore, through the establishment of Kolbs learning framework based on diverse forms that effect in suitable axis, any knowledge chic can denote a merger of two ideal division. This theory has been helpful to me to show the four information styles including departing, integrating, meeting as well as co-operative (Arthur Bena, 2014). The Gibss model of reflection has also been effective in understanding the learning styles. By going through the six stages outlined by Gibbs including explanation, spirits, assessment, investigation, assumptions as well as an action plan, I have realized that this model is useful (Brown, 2010). The model is illustrated below: By embracing Gibbs goal of the reflective cycle including experimenting my expectations, discovering diverse views and strategies towards doing as well as thinking about things, encouraging self-efficiency and linking practice and model, I have realized that it is effective (Moon, 2006). This is because there is always a success when this framework is implemented. My experience in practices has always followed Gibbs model whereby I have to begin by description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and then an action plan. It has always worked positively for me when faced with any problem (Paul Binker, 2010). Journal Entries for Actual Lessons I had in class 03/12/2016 I have learned about effective stakeholders analysis and the reasons for undertaking this review. I have also learned how to identify the audience and their respective needs. Moreover, I am also able to understand Gibbs model step by step and to apply it in my practice. 04/12/2016 I have also learned about teaching as well as learning activities which support elements of the learning cycle (Moon, 1999). 05/12/2016 I learned how to link what I have learned to outside experience. In this sense, I learned how to apply whatever I have learned in Telecommuting industryy where I work. Examples of Adult Theory Example I: I know that experience is critical when we concentrate on adult leraning. One example is where Jane Vella (2002) in ther work , Learning to Listen, Learning to Teach, illustrates the praxis, action as well as reflection idea concurently. From this theory, I have learned how praxis can help in adult learning. I will, therefore, use praxis in teaching knowledge, attitudes and skills since learning involve doing something with new knowledge, practicing new skills as well as attitudes and sunbsequently reflecting on whatever I have just done. Example II: The second example is that we are aware that several adults have particular goals in their mind. Therefore, it is essentila to vary our teaching styles to enable the adults learning preferences. I will, therefore, relay on the Kerka (2002) teacher-directed method with knowledge and dictate it to the class thereby helping me create the best conduicive environmentfor my adult learnrs. Conclusion Finally, I have gained abundantly by partaking this course. I am currently more knowledgeable regarding reflective practice than I was before going through this course. My participation in this course has enhanced my ability to identify my audience and their needs. Thus, I can tailor my teaching towards their needs and hence effectiveness in my practice. References Arthur, C. Bena, K. (2014). Dispositions Reframing Teaching and Learning. Brown, A. L. (2010). Theories of memory and the problems of development: Activity, growth, and knowledge. Center for the Study of Reading Technical Report; no. 051. Claire, M. Michelle, B. (2007). "Using reflective journals to assess the research process",Reference Services Review, Vol. 35 Iss: 1, pp.21 40 Clark, R. (2011). Adult theories, child strategies and their implications for the language teacher. Edinburgh course in applied linguistics, 2. Gretebeck, K.A., Black, D.R., Blue, C.L., Glickman, L.T., Huston, S.A. Gretebeck, R.J., (2007). Physical activity and function in older adults: theory of planned behavior. American Journal of Health Behavior, 31(2), pp.203-214. Kolb, D.A. (2009). Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall. Malinen, A. (2000). Towards the Essence of Adult Experiential Learning: A Reading of the Theories of Knowles, Kolb, Mezirow, Revans and Schon. International Specialized Book Services, 5804 NE Hassalo Street, Portland OR 97213-3644. Mezirow, J. (2011). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. Jossey-Bass, 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104-1310. Moon, J. (2006). Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. London: Kogan Norris, S. P., Ennis, R. H. (2009). Evaluating Critical Thinking. The Practitioners' Guide to Teaching Thinking Series. Critical Thinking Press and Software, Box 448, Pacific Grove, CA 93950-0448; tele. Paul, R. W., Binker, A. J. A. (2010). Critical thinking: What every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world. Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928. Schlossberg, N. K. (2010). Counseling adults in transition: Linking practice with theory. Springer Publishing Company. Slade, A. (1999). Attachment theory and research: Implications for the theory and practice of individual psychotherapy with adults.

The Role of Habeas Corpus in the Constitutional Right

Introduction Debates so far disclose that the habeas corpus brings in difficult and thoughtful issues on the American government. It is an area with heated disagreements, and that makes amendments in the Supreme Court most patent. Here, the indispensable question is on the privileges of habeas corpus.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Habeas Corpus in the Constitutional Right specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recent remarkable proclamations on the constitutional rights of those individuals held in perspective of the warfare on terror have revised the judicial understanding of habeas corpus. The courts understand that these enemies are unrestricted to due process rights. However, they do not precisely know how many courses of action these suspected enemy combatants are subjected to. Meaning of the constitutional right of habeas corpus According to constitution of the United States, habeas corpus is that a ny person under arrest has to be taken before a court of order for a legal action. A convene with power of a court order is made to the custodian and stresses that a detainee is brought before the judge and can be unconfined from illegitimate incarceration. The lawful right to submit an application for habeas corpus is a remedy to various unlawful confinements. The prisoner can request for it or another individual coming for the prisoner’s assistance. The person coming for the prisoner’s aid is as a result of the detainee being under solitary confinement (Hudson, 2007). That is an exceptional form of detention where detainee is inaccessible from any human contact except prison officials only. This guarantees that all prisoners in American detainee camps have to be presented in court. The chronological development of habeas corpus Habeas Corpus has since the earliest era been used to coerce the look of a captive to be brought in front of a court of order. In England, du ring the sovereignty of King Edward I the writ was declared. A Habeas Corpus Act was passed. It stated that any detained person by order of the king could file an application for a habeas corpus. Currently, in England the habeas corpus is employed by the superior court (Habeas corpus: From England to empire, 2010). By the era of American Revolutionary war, Habeas Corpus had been finely recognized in England and its colonies. However, habeas corpus subsisted in the American colonies even before the approval of the constitution. The American colonial rulings ensured the availability of habeas corpus. It was later officially included United States Constitution. However, in a notable number of instances its implication was suspended and instead the military commissions were employed in trying the enemies of commandant being held United States’ detention centers (Mian, 1984).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 1 5% OFF Learn More Occasions whereby employment of habeas corpus was suspended There are a number of recorded cases where employment of habeas corpus was suspended. In 1861, President Lincoln ordered deferment of the constitutionally sheltered right to court order of habeas corpus. He proclaimed that all the arrested enemies of commandants were going to be imprisoned without any court trials. However, once the warfare was over, habeas corpus was reestablished throughout the nation’s jurisdiction. The reestablishment was ordered by the Supreme Court (Mian, 1984). In 2006, President Bush signed the Military Commissions Act. This act specified that an enemy of commandant was in no way going to be granted a court order of habeas corpus. Thus, it gave the president unrestricted power in performing military commissions to try the enemies of commandant being held in detention by the United States. However, it is vital to note that every captive has the right to be tried in a court of order hence the present applicability the suspension is far from one’s comprehension. The significance of habeas corpus to the current United States’ situation Habeas corpus is of immense relevance in the current United States’. It will ensure that the government gathers enough evidence about the actual perpetrators of war. In the process of a judgment, a detainee can release particularly useful information regarding whoever organized any attacks (Mian, 1984). In ensuring justice, only those found guilty will be prosecuted. The U.S. Supreme Court’s analysis of the constitutional right of habeas corpus Global war on terror led to a number of people being confined in Americas Guantanamo detention center. One of them was Lakhdar Boumediene. Since the Bush Administration had proclaimed that these enemies of commandant had no right in the American constitution, Boumediene and his fellows remained in custody (Mian, 1984). In 2007, a panel of American judges considered Lakhdar’s habeas corpus. Justice Kennedy delivered a court judgment that constitutionally guaranteed the right of habeas corpus assessment applied to detainees detained in Guantanamo. He said that habeas corpus also applied to other enemy combatants in American jurisdiction. This opinion was agreed upon by Justice; Ginsburg, Breyer, Souter and Stevens. Those who agreed with this opinion were five Justices. However, their opinion was opposed by four judges. Judge Robert filed a contrasting view. He was supported by three other justices that are Justice Scalia, Thomas and Alito. This opposing group preferred the application of Detainee treatment Act. The proposing one argued that the Detainee treatment Act had botched in the provision of a satisfactory substitute for habeas corpus. As a result, Boumediene was tried in United States’ court of order. He was ordered freed of charge by Judge Richard of the Federal District Court (Mian, 1984).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Habeas Corpus in the Constitutional Right specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of the president The crucial rationale following the indefinite detention of the war on terror detainees is deep-rooted to the assertion that they battled against the United States. It is based on the alleged rejection of the Taliban to deliver Osama bin Laden. President George Bush claimed Osama to have been responsible for the attacks in America. A point to support that claim is that Bin Laden had earlier warned his close people to return to Afghanistan. This makes the allegation moderately weak. In dealing with the issue in a modern manner, the President should have allowed the habeas corpus move. Putting the suspects under court trials would have perpetrated a better way of getting evidence to the attacks (Mian, 1984). Evaluation of Congress’s role in deciding when habeas corpus can be per ched The congress asserted that, in suspension, the habeas corpus is not suspended but instead only the privilege of offering it is suspended. It means; a detainee can apply for it, or a detainee’s representative can do it. However, the issuing court under the direction of Congress can conclude whether to allow it its proceeding or not. In suspension, this proceeding is not granted. It is thus vital to ascertain that these proceedings are done in an organized manner. The Congress should create a constitutional period for habeas corpus application (Neubauer, 2008). Supreme Court’s role in defending civil rights Supreme Court’s key responsibility is to promote and protect the civil rights of all individuals under the United States’ jurisdiction. Before throwing out the constitutional right to habeas corpus on the enemy of combatants, the court considered the requirement for them to be face justice before they were convicted (Cosmos of Humanists Pr. Hudson, 2007). Completely denying them this right would have been against the Constitution. Furthermore, this would indicate the government is detaining custodians who have not been proved guilty. Again, this would be denying them their right to be tried before a court of order.. Ideology on the equilibrium linking civil rights and national safety in the incessant terror war Since constitutional rights are intended to defend guiltless people and reassure that only those who committed offense will be confined, then it makes sense limit habeas corpus to those who are debatably innocent. Furthermore, since the constitutional rights are meant to serve for national security then habeas corpus must be presented in spite of guilt or innocence. It will ensure that the detainees will reveal information that will lead to capture of the main perpetrators of attacks on the United States.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion It is vital to consider the constitutional right to habeas corpus in relation to the current warfare position. The Supreme Court’s decisions should be recognized principally as an attempt to contain the uniqueness of modern warfare. Habeas corpus will not likely constrict the effectiveness of the war on terror instead it will renovate the process allocated to prisoners of war. References Cosmos of Humanists Pr. Hudson, D. L. (2007). Prisoners’ rights. New York: Chelsea House. Habeas corpus: From England to empire. (2010). Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press. Mian, B. K. (1984). American Habeas Corpus: Law, history, and politics. San Francisco Neubauer, D. W. (2008). America’s courts and the criminal justice system. Belmont, CA This essay on The Role of Habeas Corpus in the Constitutional Right was written and submitted by user Dirty F0x to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Government Internet Intervention essays

Government Internet Intervention essays The Internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more popular among those who are interested in, and have the time to surf the information superhighway. The problem with much information being accessible to this many people is that some of it is deemed inappropriate for minors. The government wants censorship, but a segment of the population does not. The Internet should not be considered a bad source for people, considering all the uses and information it distributes. During the past decade, our society has become based solely on the ability to move large amounts of information across large distances quickly. Computerization has influenced everyone's life. The natural evolution of computers and this need for ultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop. This global net allows a person to send E-mail across the world in mere fractions of a second, and enables even the common person to access information worldwide. With the advances with software that allows users with a sound card to use the Internet as a carrier for long distance voice calls and video conferencing, this network is the key to the future development of technologies. At present this net is the image of the First Amendment: freedom of speech. It is a place where people can speak their mind without being reprimanded for what they say, or how they choose to say it. Recently, Congress has been considering passing laws that will make it a crime punishable by jail to send "vulgar" language over the net. The government wants to maintain control over this new form of communication, and they are trying to use the protection of children as a smoke screen to pass laws that will allow them to regulate and censor the Internet, while banning techniques that could eliminate the need for regulation. Censorship of the Internet threatens to destroy its freelance atmosphere, while metho...

Governments should focus on the wll-being of ther populations rather Essay

Governments should focus on the wll-being of ther populations rather than economic growth. To what extent do you agree whith thi - Essay Example This paper is therefore designed to illustrate why and how proper balances of population well-being and economic growth should be facilitated by governments. This will be illustrated by first examining how economic growth policies can be detrimental to a population’s well-being. Secondly, this paper will examine trends in satisfaction and how well-being and economic growth perform in those trends. Speth (2008) informs that the belief that fast and abundant economic growth often comes at the price of the environment (p. 24). This approach to economic growth, while attending to the immediate well-being of the population does not take into account the well-being of future generations who will ultimately have to deal with a â€Å"perilous state environmentally† (Speth 2008, p. 24). Far too often economic policies do not take account of the sacrifices to the environment. Governments in a desire to advance economic growth place far too much emphasis on technology and far too little emphasis on the cost to the environment (Speth 2008, p. 24). Acknowledging that economic growth and modern technology are necessarily intertwined in an increasingly global economy, but at the potential cost to the environment, there must be a proper balance. ... The latter implies a responsible use of the earth’s resources for economic development. By taking this approach, the government is not only ensuring economic wealth, but looking ahead to ensure that the population’s well-being and economic growth both equally protected. Norberg (2010) also takes the position that economic growth policies have focused far too much on â€Å"simply maximising production† (p. 2). Like Speth (2008), Norberg (2010) argues that this approach to government policies does not take account of the environmental costs. As a result, warnings about environmental issues, particularly global warning are changing the way that populations perceive wealth. This together with the recent global financial crisis has cultivated a lack of confidence in how well economic growth and more especially GDPs measure the well-being of populations (Norberg 2010, p.2). Norberg (2010) demonstrates why a proper balance is required to be made between economic growth and the population’s well-being. If one take the position that the environment is just as important to the population’s well-being as economic growth, it will serve no purpose to trade one for the other. For example, Norberg (2010) argues that the Happy Planet Index (HPI) introduced by the New Economics Foundations in 2006 indicates that populations in the wealthiest Western nations rank lower on the HPI than countries in Asia and Latin America (Norberg 2010, p. 5). The obvious difference here is the greater degree of development in the Western countries which necessarily correlates with greater modernization and the corresponding damages to the environment. Countries in Asia and Latin America are obviously not as developed and therefore

Comparing Art theory and Art work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparing Art theory and Art work - Essay Example This theory was initiated in the Romantic Movement when the individual was placed as the central point in art. Through this theory, artwork was seen as the unique portrayal of artists’ feelings and emotions. It said that good art is the one which successfully communicates the feelings of the artist with the audience. An artist becomes successful when he is able to express his feelings through his artwork (Knill 46). The theory has its weaknesses and is criticized since the Romantic Era. In today’s world, modern art is defined as a human activity in which one person uses different forms of art to convey his feelings to the others and influence them. This theory is well suited in the abstract art but not much in other forms of art. Somehow this theory restricts the artists to express their feelings and emotions through art rather than following the concept ‘art for art’s sake’ (Knill 56). The expressive theory had cultivated in the Romantic Movement in the late eighteenth century. There are three concepts of expressive theory that are associated with the movement: imagination, genius, and emotion. These three terms are believed by expressionists as key elements in any artwork. They believe that individuality is what makes an artists’ art recognizable and unique (Knill 76). The artist must portray his feelings through the art such as through paintings, music, or poems. The artwork is a platform for every artist to convey his inner feelings to the world. Objectivists argue that expressive theories are rather irrelevant as the artwork must focus on art not the artist. Expressionists continue to argue that an artwork is the complete depiction of the artists’ personality and an artist tends to create what best reflects his feelings (Knill 78). Psychologically also, an artist is able to create what is in his mind and what he truly believes in. This doesn’t only mean emotions and feelings, but also ideas

Accounting theory and practice Speech or Presentation

Accounting theory and practice - Speech or Presentation Example Q1 (I): since the preference share is short-lived (it is to be redeemed in 2013, thus not a permanent source of capital), it can be classified under temporary equity. The following journal entries should be made in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 (Swart 2002, pp. 140-176). Q1 (II): the preference shares are redeemable and the shareholders have exclusive rights to dividends (2%) of the par value. Therefore, it is treated as a debt and would be recorded as below in the financial statements (Swart 2002, pp. 140-176) In the above process of determining the amortized costs, the cash flow = (2%*25M) except for the year 2013, which contains the principal amount (25M) plus the cash flow (500,000). Second, the cash flows are discounted using the presumed interest rate of 10% to get the opening amount (18,659,900). In the row marked 2010, the opening amount is multiplied by 10% to get the interest payable (1,865,990). The difference between interest payable and cash flow for that year is added to the opening for that year, to get the closing amount (20,025,890). The closing amount for 2010 becomes the opening amount for 2011. Follow the same process up to year 2012. Since the shares are redeemed in the year 2013, there will not be a closing amount for the year. Part B: the general accounting rules require that financial items be treated as liabilities if it obligates a company to part with cash or other financial assets. Secondly, if the issuer (a company), has no control over factors that leads to its maturity date. Lastly, if the requirement to pay principal amount may induce a contractual obligation to pay interest on dividends. However, the internal accounting standard has done major reviews on the mentioned regulations to include other emerging issues. The review of the rules regulating the accounting treatment of liabilities paved way

Economic Globalisation And Rising Global Living Standards Economics Essay

Economic Globalisation And Rising Global Living Standards Economics Essay 1.0. Introduction. The notion of economic globalisation has grown to be one of the generally effective in economic development as well as raises the global living standards through economic growth and poverty reduction. Economic Globalization is muscularly believed to result in better social, economic and in the contemporary world. Yet UN1 report (September 1999) show the current trend of economic inequality has increased dramatically as a direct result of economic globalization and current rules of trade. Subsequently, economic globalisation is growing attractive a controversial issue whether it can really lead to a rise in global living standard or aggravate the situation. Several authors in this part look not to convincingly provide or even concur on relation between economic globalisation and living standard. To my understanding, economic globalisation is an essential but not enough condition to hasten living standard 1.1. PURPOSE The purpose of this essay is to essentially inspect how aspects of economic globalisation facilitate a rise in global living standards. The essay will commence by introducing the concepts of economic globalisation and living standards and its measurements, using different readings, lectures, Journals and my personal view regarding to the issue. The first part of this essay will illustrate the link between economic globalisation and contribution of economic globalisation to the process of accelerated economic growth and poverty reduction. Secondly, it will examine some criticism and or challenges associated with economic globalisation. Finally, the essay will draw a conclusion based on review findings. 1.2 Economic Globalisation and Living Standards. The perception of economic globalisation mean global spanning economic relationships in term of markets, finance, good and services and the network create by transactional (Chase, 1999). According to Nicholas (2009), economic globalisation is the increasing of cross border flow of goods and service. He emphasize that It facilitates increasing cross border movement of financial capital, which increase economics activities from private derived from foreign sources. Moreover, movement of productive activities are then totally or partially extended or relocated to another country. It is likely that the integrations of global economic enabling social, economic environment that will broke out of poverty and improved the living standard of a related community. For better understanding on the Concept of living standard, I will brief discuss on the idea of GNI2 per capita which is broader definition of well being. Michael Todaro (2009) state that GNI per capita is a common measures of economic activities related with economic well being of people globally. He emphasizes that. GNI comprises GDP plus the difference between the income residents receive from abroad for factor services less payment made to non residents who contribute to the domestic economy. Not only that but also as it defined by several International agencies including OECD3 and UN living standards process by HDI4 ranks countries on scale of high and lower ranks. Usually it focus on three indicators: i) life expectancy at birth knowledge as measured weighted average of adult literacy and standard of living by using real per capita gross domestic product with PPP (Todaro and Smith 2009), ii) HDI uses to evaluate standard of living by determine real per capital gross domestic pr oduct adjusted by PPP5 of each countrys currency reflect cost of living of a particular country (Todaro 2009). The above information gives the connotation of living standards is associated with real income per individual and poverty rate. 2.0 Link between Economic Globalisation and Living Standard. Before the description of link between the economic globalisation and living standard, this paper will describe in brief the goal one of MDG6 in association with the global living standard. The endorsement of eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (Todaro 2009) is Goal One among of eight inspiring and much talked about Millennium Development Goals (MDG). In alliance with its target of reduce by half of the people living on less than $1 a day, it aims is to improve living standard, and encourage economic growth and improve equity. In this regards, by achieving these targeted goals, it will help to improve the growth as well as income poverty which is very important in poverty reduction and raise living standards. Many writers believe that people lives with income level below 1$ per day represents in extreme poverty, indicating that they live in absolute poverty. According to Allen and Thomas (2000) the global target for measure living standards by using poverty line which is US 1 $ per day by adjusted by PPP. The question is what the position is for those living under one or two dollar per day. This is shows that poor people suffer by necessary requirements similar to health care, adequate provisions and appropriate protection. As I illustrate in the beginning, economic globalisation is the opening of economic to flow of goods and services, capital and business from other nations that integrate their market with that abroad S.Mishkin (2006). Hence is better to look which forces which help to hasten the pace of economic globalisation today. I will consider on the three major forces which helps to accelerate the economic globalisation with living standards according to OECD handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators (2005). Economic globalisation can increase by different forces. The following are the major forces which supply the swiftness up globally economic: The liberalisation of capital movements, of financial services in particular, the opening of markets to international trade and investments. Neoclassical point of view transmits trade liberalisation as a source of amenities economic growth by shift to the market liberalisation and growing global amalgamation. Their key thought by having more open market oriented emphasize more choice in trade itself and capital flow in develop the higher the living standards of global population. Todaro and Smith (2009) state that, free market permitting competition to flourish privatisations which promote both economic efficiency and economic growth. Hoekman at al. (2004) agrees that, Trade liberalisation and openness to trade increases the growth rate of income and output. In theory, it offers prediction for foreign firm and local firms citizen to be engaged in production, give confidence in export with domestic and international promote. To a large extent the process observed support sustaining the profitable achievement of counties like South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. Moreover, it make possible for large firm allocate individual i n to specialise additional product, therefore develop more market and increase consumer preferences. In addition, Neoclassical agrees that, not only free market but also economic globalisation in term of financial globalisation progress the economic growth. According to S. Mishkin (2006) economic globalisation through financial low has several important in emerging market economies. In this regards movement of capital flow allows to come into a country encourage distribution of capital as well as domestic economic sector become well off. For Neoclassical perspective, capital is physical inputs including money, machine natural resource and human with technology. The expansion of capital production resulted booming saving in financial institution (Nicholas 2009). In this regards increasing of saving due to higher interest rate will encourage the speed up investment, enabling creation of employment in particular for unskilled labour force in the long run, the income of inexperienced labour will be higher. On the other hand, Marxists argues that, economic globalisation base on international economic international leads inevitably to uneven gain (Nicholas 2009). Furthermore, they acknowledge that this internationalise trade rise a common European and the emergence in various international institution like World Bank and International Monitory Fund (Hossein 2005). In practice, the exchange of trade is imbalanced trade, for developing countries produces primary goods were sent to advanced countries who subsequently shaped manufactured commodities after that they tried to put on the market reverse to poor countries with value added tax making them unaffordable, resulted is international capitalism. Myriam Plank (2006) agrees that, In Gambia cheap import of chicken egg and milk loosing local access their domestic market and lack opportunities to earn income hence farmers especially women driven into poverty. This observation emphasize that reduce trade tariff is a key to destroys infants industries agricultural sector and in food in security especially in developing countries. Different with Neoclassical perspective, New Keynesian theories highlight that the international economic integration is not the result of free choice and not necessarily mutual beneficial, but can be made to be mutually beneficial. Nicholas (2009).This situation exacerbated by historical aspect, the role of colonialism was damaging of global economy particular for those countries became colonies which resulted the existing intercontinental division of labour. Maddison (2001) accepts that, free trade was imposed in India and other British colonies and the same true in Britains informal empire Hence it is important to realise that the exploitation of resources including inputs in term of human, slave trade and primary product from Africa to the industrial areas is a main reasons of the increasing inequality in economic growth and living standard between North and South. In additional to that, new Keynesian scholars argues that world economy is essentially constant. To some extent changing is crucial on internationally policies coordination through international institution like IMF, World Bank and WTO. The World Bank should be refocused with clear goals, and accountability for their success. Specifically, the bank should have one overarching assignment: helping the poorest countries achieves the millennium development goals to reduce poverty, hunger and disease Sachs (2008). International Financial Institutional, might pay support to developing countries by make out barriers to trade, provide debt relief and build capability on international trade as an alternative of supply of loans with higher conditionality. 3.0 CRITICS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION. This document has assessed the economic globalisation to find out whether it is sufficiently raising the global living standards for human being. To a large extent the process helps to increase growth and wealth and might provide benefits in exports, creation of employment and increasing of capital flow. It is exactly the expanding of international trade and investment put together enlargement of economic activities network worldwide. Yet it face some challenges. One of the most critics of economic globalisation is that, to a certain degree it has extended the economic gap between South and North. According to UN Report in 1999, the number of developing countries that have benefited from economic globalisation is smaller than 20. Shangquan (2000) emphasize that the difference of income per capita between the richest country and poorest country has enlarged from 30 times in 1960 to the 70 times at present. This indicating that there is also a gap on economic growth and living standards between them. His observation that the hole has been upward together surrounded by and within nations is largely true. The correlation with economic globalisation is to a large extent less comprehensible. This incompatible of per capita income cause an internationally deviation in incomes and living standards continues a moment, and convergence is slowest between OECD and HIPC7. Stiglitz (2006) argues that in many countries, unemployment rates are high and those who lose their jobs do not move to higher wage alternative but to the unemployment rolls. This has happened especially in many developing countries around the world when they liberalised so fast the private sector did not have time to respond and create new jobs. Therefore, unemployment rate increases in economic system where there are two dimensions appears low productivity in economics activities and higher rates of dependency and crime increasing in societies. Shangquan (2000) suggested that this huge amount of floating international capitals may lead up to bubble economies and disorderly fluctuation of foreign exchange rates. To some extent under release economic conditions, meticulous express for international floating capital consequence, there are great constrains on deteriorating capacity on macroeconomic control and regulation, particularly in monetary policy. This impact might suffer by developing countries rather than Industrial Countries. 4.0 CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this paper attempts the economic globalisation endeavour to raise economic growth internationally and helps increasing living standard on people globally. To a large extent, trade liberalisation of capital movements, financial services in opening market to international trade and investment encourage rise higher living standards in OECD rather than developing countries. Thus, while these policies maintain situation which show better off in one side and worse off to another, hence strong institutions should be created to strengthen national and international collaboration towards facing the above mentioned challenges. The practice of trade liberalisation and market oriented economic improvement that had taking place in many developing countries in the last two decade, yet, no proof for developing countries successful through the trade as well as financial liberalisation as opposed to export encouragement which useful in some of Asian Countries. In this situation, economic globalisation has benefits with OECD and some of Asia countries like Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea, which involved in global market (Griswold: 2000) has helped their economies, yet Africa and Latin America still becoming poor. For developing countries, this process will take time to take off for particular case. Major reasons that developed countries generate worldwide economic policies in term of price arrangements for production while third world countries engaged on primary and fragmented goods. Generally, as an economists functioning in developing countries, my personal view on economic globalisation and word economy today, though there is global specialisation focus on competitive advantages and between the highly developed and developing on energetic comparative advantages. Yet, current implementation of economic perspective, in term of economic globalisation should relate with New Keynesian perspectives. The economic growth relate with development distribution of welfare and environmental control. Emphasize redeployment of income and eliminating poverty by using different programmes like pro poor growth and poverty strategy growth programmes. In order to improve the economic growth of developing counties should make sure that income distribute equally, hence it will reduce the national divergence in living standards and the it will help to reduce an international divergence. Economic growth will stimulate development and collaborate poverty reduction programme and facili tate to meet target under goal one of the Millennium development Goal, to eliminate tremendous poverty and hunger.

IMPAIRMENT NEURAL DEVELOPMENTS AND SYMPTOMS OF AUTISM DISORDER Essay

Autism spectrum disorders are a common neural developmental brain condition (Cheng et al., 2010). It does not have unifying neurobiological or pathological etiology (Geschwind& Levitt, 2007) .It characterized by impaired social interaction and communication skills and restricted repetitive behavior (Johnson & Myers, 2007). Medical condition such as mental retardation, chromosomal anomalies and seizures are often appear with autism (Casanova, 2007). During first 3 years of childhood, these major symptoms are revealed (Casanova, 2007). Autism is one of three recognized condition and the other two know as Asperger’s syndrome (Levy, Mandell, & Schultz, 2009). There are also secondary symptoms that may not be shown in individual with autism disorder such as lower IQ performance and sensory sensitivity (Alexander et al., 2006). It occurs due to altered recognition and connection of brain nerve cell and their synapses (Levy et al., 2009). Other factor contribute to the occurrence of autism are genetics or environmental factors or both (Rodier, 2004). In 1960s, it was estimated to occur in five in every 10,000 child worldwide but this number is increased recently to be 72 in every 10,000 child since the 1990s due to the change in diagnostic practice and media attention (Newschaffer et al, 2007). The reason of increasing this disorder in recent year is still unknown (Comi, Zimmerman, Frye, Law, & Peeden, 1999). This essay will discuss the causes of Autism spectrum disorders, brain structure changes that involved in this condition and thus the major and secondary symptoms occurrence in relating to these structure impaired development in the brain. Autism appears between embryo development and the first 3 years of child development and c... ... Schendel, D., & Windham, G. C. (2007).The Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28, 21.1–21. Geschwind D. H., & Levitt, P. (2007), Autism spectrum disorders: developmental disconnection syndromes. Neurobiology 17,103–11. Johnson, C. P., & Myers, S. M. (2007). Identification and Evaluation of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. PEDIATRICS, 120, 1183-1215. Levy, S. E., Mandell, D. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2009). Autism. The Lancet, 374(9701), 1627 – 1638. Lam, K. S. L., & Aman, M. G. (2007). The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised: Independent Validation in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, 37, 855–866. Rodier, P. M. (2000). The Early Origins of Autism. Scientific American, 56-63. Rodier, P. M. (2004). Environmental Causes of Central Nervous System Maldevelopment. PEDIATRICS, 113, 1076-1083.

Distribution Channel of Banas Dairy Essay

The present study is conducted in the Banas Dairy sales area Genesis of Banas Dairy Late ShriGalbhabhai Patel established Banas Dairy with the dream of uplifting socio economic status of village farmers. This dream was fulfilled through the creation of a co-operative milk union for Banaskantha district, on the footprint of â€Å"Amul Dairy† of Kaira district, the ideal model of a Co-operative. Consequently eight village level co-operative milk societies in Vadgam and Palanpur taluk Ire registered and started collecting and pouring milk at DudhSagar Dairy, Mehsana from 3rd October 1966. The milk union got registered under Co-operative act on 31st January 1969 as Banaskantha District Co-operative milk producers’ Union Limited, popularly known as Banas Dairy. The foundation stone was laid by Late Galbabhai Nanjibhai Patel on 14th January 1971 at 122 acres land acquired near Jagana village in order to set up a dairy plant under the operation flood program launched by national Dairy development Board. On 7th May 1971’ the dairy started functioning at the same place with a capacity of 1. 5 lakh liters of milk per day. This has now been increased to 24. 3 lakh liters per day. The dairy has three automated plants with a wide 8-9 product lines. The small dream of Shri Galbabhai has now taken the shape of a co-operative of 1350 societies with around 15000 members. With the relentless efforts of dedicated and committed leadership, the dairy has won the trust of milk producers of Banaskantha district and has brought about a happy change in the lives of all its members. It has come up as a major revolution in the upliftment of the residents of the district. Mission and Vision Banas District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd. was established with the prime objective of eliminating the monopoly of private traders and providing the poor farmers the due that they deserve. Along with this it also ensures that the farmers are benefited the maximum out of their operations and activities. The mission of the organization is to provide sustainable means of livelihood to socio-economically downtrodden rural mass, while treading on the path of progress. The organization renews its vision every ten years. It strives to be a successful world class co-operative dairy. The objectives of the organization are clearly expressed through the quality policy, which states that: â€Å"I, the Banas Dairy, commit and aspire to fulfil the needs and expectations of our internal as Ill as external customers and delight them through our quality products and services. I shall achieve the goal through the followings: a). Applying principles of Quality Management Systems and Food Safety Management for continuous enrichment of our management processes. ). Providing remunerating returns, quality input services, introducing innovative and appropriate schemes and services to our milk producers. c). Motivating and providing and encouraging appropriate training for skill up-gradation of our employees. d). Protecting our value system and the environment by judicious use of all natural resources. † India is an agri- oriented country of the world. 70% people are living in rural area so I can say Indian peo ple are living in village the majority of population. The dream of late Galbabhai Patel, founder chairman and the selfless sage to uplift socio- economical status of village farmers came true after creation of a co- operative milk union for banaskantha district, on the foot print of â€Å"Amul Dairy†of kaira presently Anand) district on the model of true co operative milk societies in Vadgam and palanpur taluzka of district Ire registered and started collecting and pouring milk at Dudh Sagar dairy, Mahesana from 10th march 1969.

Tips Tricks How to Use the Control Panel

Tips Tricks How to Use the Control Panel Tips for Using the Control Panel When logged in, you will see a table with a list of all your orders. If you have a total of more than 8 orders, we will split your orders into pages. There are several columns in the table. Column Date shows the date when the order was placed. Deadline column only shows a deadline for orders that are currently in progress and will display late orders in red color. The Progress column displays the progress of the paper. Not every writer keeps the client notified of the progress, so if you feel like you need to know what is going on, click the Request progress update link from the Actions menu. The Writer column will show writer ID. It is done mainly to help you sort the orders by the writer ID, to have the idea how many of your orders are done by the same writer. In Quick actions column you have access to some quick actions you can perform with an order, without accessing the page for that order. Below you can also see a block that is called One-touch support request. This block will help you send a message for any order you have in progress without opening the corresponding order details page. You can send a message to staff or to the writer. This is useful when you have a quick comment for the writer, or when there is no update on the order and you want to notify staff about it. Click on the corresponding order to access a detailed information and actions page. On this page, you will be able to upload additional instructions, communicate with the writer or staff directly.

Team based management

Team based management Free Online Research Papers When two or more people gather together in order to accomplish a common task, then it’s known as a group. A team comprises of a group of people who are link for a common purpose. Teams are suitable for tasks which are complicated in nature. In a team there are different people with different skills to support one another. People individual ability helps minimize other people’s disability. There are many teams like independent and interdependent team; self managed team, project teams, sports team, cross functional team and virtual team. (Wikipedia, 2008) The main objective of this essay is to identify the advantages of team based management and affect of team on organization culture and structure. In this essay, different types of teams, pros and cons of team, impacts of team on organization structure and culture have been discussed. A team which is staffed with a mix of specialists is known as a cross functional team. On the other hand members of virtual team are electrically connected. These types of teams are important for the success of any organization. A team’s effectiveness can be determined by considering the people and organizational related factor. Employee job satisfaction, high job security, mutual trust and team spirit, good communication, low unresolved problem and power struggle lies in the people related factors. Organization stability, proper reward and compensation, autonomy, stable goals, well directives lies in the organizational factors. Combination of these two factors builds up an effective team. High performance, high morale, high job security, high team commitment are the characteristics of an effective team. Another important aspect of building an effective team is trust. Trust is the belief in integrity, character and ability of others. Without trust an effective team cannot be formed. Trust leads to the way of revealing information which creates influence on others and help to gain control on one-self as well as others. Communication, support, respect, fairness, predictability and competency are the six steps of building trust. (Kreitner, 2007) Teams are basic functional unit of an organization. It brings complementary skills and experiences of various people which is better than any individual. It produces high morale, productivity and sense of competition among the members of an organization. Teams are not always effective. It has some advantages and disadvantages as well. Advantages of having a team includes highly motivated work climate and environment, shared ownership, faster response to technology change, cross training, delegation of work, better communication, improved self- worth etc. On the other hand disadvantages of a team includes time consuming and conflicting, confused group member, role confusion and required longer time for results etc. Everything has it’s positive and negative side. But nowadays teams are coming to the lime light only because of it’s high efficiency. A well organized team can bring a company tremendous result. The company might reach to its desired target before deadline. Fo r all these reasons, the concept of team is now emerging. One another thing is mentionable here that all workplace groups are not teams. To be a team, group of people have to behave like a team. There should be trust among the team members and a driving force of achievement should be there in the team. (Alachua excels, N/A) There are several ways of building a team. The three most practiced approaches are formal retreat, continual improvement and outdoor experience. In case of outdoor experience approach, the members of a team a put in such an outdoor situation where they have to work physically and mentally to prove their capabilities. Though its not a widely practiced approach but it’s a good way to build a team. For an effective team building, the members should be given clear and specific objective. There should be good communication among members and the leaders should play a role model for the members. While choosing the members the organization has to be careful about the skills of the members. Members with proper skills should be taken in the team. The team members should be regularly introduced with new facts and there must be driving force in the team which will lead the team toward achievement. Regular feedback should be provided for the team members and there should be specific traini ng and development programs. By following all these criteria an effective team can be formed. It is very important for any team to have clear goals. Each member should know what their role is in a team and there should be no role ambiguity or role uncertainty. It only creates confusion among the members. If everyone in the team behaves according to their role, it’ll be easy to reach the goal. (Wood, Chapman, Osborn, 2004) The basic foundation of an organization is its structure. It makes up the organization. The type of the structure is purely determined by the type of the organization. Whether the organization is product oriented or service oriented is the indicator of the structure of the organization. Wheelwright and Clark defined two types of organizations; the functional organization and the project organization. Functional organizations are mainly service oriented organizations. One people has all the skills to complete a task and the type of job is not that much complicated. A light-weighted matrix organization remains functional and the level of specialization is comparable to that found in the functional mode. What is different is the addition of a product manager who coordinates the product creation activities through liaison representatives from each function. Their main tasks are: to collect information, to solve conflicts and to facilitate achievement of overall project objectives. Their status and influence are less as compared to functional managers, because they have no direct access to working-level people. On the other hand, in case of project organization, the job is complicated and usually a single person doesn’t have all the knowledge and capability to complete the task. The level of difficulty is also high here. Team based management is appropriate for these types of organization. In these types of organizations the workload is high and complex. So, team is used here to remove the unnecessary variables and make the production faster. In increases productivity as well as specialization. But it’s not possible to implement team based management in functional organization. In functional organization there are only temporary formal teams like quality control teams or task team. These teams are created for a specific purpose and after the completion of task the team gets disbanded. But in production based organizations, team is a must. Without a tea m the production will not be up to the mark. (Organizational Structure, N/A) [Online] To sustain in today’s competitive business environment organizations must change their organization structure. The primary objective of changing organization structure is nothing but promoting globalization. Especially the production oriented organization should concentrate more on changing the structure. Long ago Henry Ford’s assembly line has proven the effectiveness of team. It not only increases the production capability of the organization but also increases specialization. Through specialization they create a life long employment opportunity for the worker. It is expensive to transform the bureaucratic organizations to a flat team based organization. For that the organization has to concentrate on horizontal specialization of the employees which includes more personal coordination and customer oriented service. The design of the organization has to be transferred to organic design. Though organic designs are not as productive as mechanistic organization but in the long run organic design proves to be beneficial for the organization since the employees don’t get dissatisfied. (Chowdhury, F. 2008). Centralization refers to the degree power is distributed in the organization. In centralized organizations power is in the hand of the top level management. In this type of organization team based management doesn’t work properly. Here teams emerge only to solve problems and after solving the problem the team gets dissolved. The members of the team don’t know much about the higher level of the organization. So they are not that much effective. On the other hand teams are appropriate for decentralized organizations. This is the culture of decentralized organizations. In this type of organization power is delegated to lower level and teams work together to achieve the goal. The competition among teams is more intense in these organizations which are a positive factor. (Team self management, organizational structure and judgments of team effectiveness, 2004) [Online] It’s not obvious that teams will work effectively and create a positive impact on the organizational goal. Sometimes reverse happens and the team dysfunctions. There are several reasons behind dysfunction of a team. The main reasons are lack of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, avoidance of accountability and inattention to results. The main reason behind this is that sometimes team members think that their contribution is less noticeable and they are not properly rewarded. Sometimes team doesn’t see the end product which also is frustrating for them. Moreover there are social loafers who like to see others working in the team. Sometimes it takes long time to build a team. These are the reasons behind dysfunction of a team. These problems can be solved by applying Hackman and Oldham’s job characteristic model. The best ways to motivate employees are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback. (Chowdhury, F. 2008) Though there are some pros and cons of team based management but to sustain in today’s world, it is important to implement this approach. Team based management affects the structure and culture of the organization and sometimes it’s expensive to implement this approach. From the above discussion it is clear that TBM is not appropriate all type of organizations. It is most suitable for the production oriented organizations. It is important to understand the basic motive of a team and the key points of building an effective team. Organizations for which teams are suitable and the key points of building an effective team are discussed in this essay. [1649 words] Research Papers on Team based managementTrailblazing by Eric AndersonResearch Process Part OneThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Hockey GameIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paper

Abortion and Infanticide Michael Tooley Term Paper

Abortion and Infanticide Michael Tooley - Term Paper Example The researcher states that in his article Abortion and Infanticide Michael Tooley argues that embryos, fetuses and very young infants do not have a right to life due to their failure to satisfy â€Å"the self-consciousness requirement.† Argument of Tooley’s In the year 1972, Micheal Tooley has written the article ‘Abortion and Infanticide’. This article covered various aspects of abortion and infanticide from the Tooley’s perspective. The essay dealt with the morality issue of abortion and infanticide and questioned based on moral principles. These moral principles defined the basic rights of life. The author compared human fetus and infants to the adult members of various species like dogs, cats, polar bears and others and argued over the right to life issue. The author points out the morally relevant difference of newborn baby and earlier stage of development of human being. There are different views over the issue of abortion among the conservativ e view and others. Tooley argues that abortion issue differs from the moral issue as it appears in extreme positions from the conservative point of view of looking at it as a person. In the case where is not identified as a person than how it can be wrong in destroying it. Tooley explains infanticide from an emotional angle and regards it receiving the similar reaction from the society as it does in the cases linked with taboos of masturbation or oral sex in the past. However, the response to the infanticide is much stronger. Tooley differentiates the terms person and human beings and regards a person to be a moral concept. He explained the arguments of Roger Wertheimer in the opposition of abortion as Wertheimer used the term human being and person interchangeably and explained that from the moment of conception a fetus is a human being or a person. Tooley further compared the issue of abortion to the issue o Negro slavery. Tooley agrees to the same and draws the similar meaning fr om the term human being and person. The argument goes further in justifying that a person means a right to life. Tooley discusses that the strength of life with the simple explanation of being self conscious entity is incomplete as it will qualify all the animals in our everyday life to be person who are getting murdered for our preferences i.e. â€Å"Once one reflects upon the question of the basic moral principles involved in the ascription of a right to life to organisms, one may find himself driven to conclude our everyday treatment of animals is morally indefensible, and that we are in fact murdering innocent persons. † There have been three counterexamples of the claims of rights and desired in which desire can be absent due to emotional disturbance, it can be of a situation of temporarily unconscious of a previously conscious person or it can be absent due to manipulation. The arguments of morality can be different from each of the case. Tooley reinforces the need to h ave a demarking line where infanticide can have a clear cutoff point. There should be a line that can guide people to the safer side of the morality. Objection to Tooley’s Article Arp and Mahaffey explain the definition of person to be the one with the capacity of being rational or have intelligence, mental states on the issues like beliefs, desires, emotions, and self-awareness is strong and robust; use language, involved in relationships with other people and is morally responsible for one’s actions. Tooley’s essay treats the issue of abortion and infanticide with the vulnerable way for the understanding of the definition of the person is a self-conscious entity. A fetus or infant cannot be compared with animals or any other living beings as animals or animal babies do not have the similar potential of developing as a person to qualify on this definition. There are different definitions and circumstances of abortion. In medical terms, the life starts from the moment embryo is formed and it grows every day to become similar to the miniature form of a person.

High risk sexual behavior with incarcerated youths Annotated Bibliography

High risk sexual behavior with incarcerated youths - Annotated Bibliography Example The study also highlights the need for universal screening of the aforementioned illnesses in youth correction facilities; and the tendency of untrained staff in these facilities to interpret psychiatric data to incriminate juveniles instead of finding medical interventions to mitigate the risks these youth are exposed to while incarcerated. Golzari, M., Hunts, S. J., Anoshiravani, A. (2006). The health status of youth in juvenile detention facilities. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(6), 776-782. Golzari, et al. (2006) surveyed the variables which influence the health status of youth in detention, as well as the health issues of this cohort which contribute to the morbidity and mortality of the general adolescent population. The authors are deemed authoritative in the field of medicine and in the academe. This work is an excellent resource for researchers and medical professionals who are interested in the well-being of juveniles exiting from detention facilities and how access of t hese group of adolescents to community health resources may be improved. Pack, R. P., Diclemente, R. J., Hook, E. W. (2000).

The primary responsibility of Businesses is to increase the profit of Essay

The primary responsibility of Businesses is to increase the profit of their shareholders - Essay Example While others believe that the primary responsibility of any business enterprise is to maximize the profits of the shareholders, others feel that a business should go far beyond just profit maximization. Zain (2008) gave a comparison of the divergent views of Milton Friedman and Archie Carroll concerning the responsibility of business in a society. Friedman believes that the main responsibility of a business is to maximize the profits of the shareholders and the interest of the shareholders should be the many area of concern in any business industry (Zain, 2008). Theorists like Friedman leave it at that and argues that a lot of emphasis need only to be put in serving the interest of the shareholders who will only enjoy a handsome return. Others like Carroll go ahead to incorporate other social responsibilities that, they believe, the businesses should perform. Friedman asserts that the management in any business organization should fight to remove all the obstacles that could impede t he maximization of profits. The effect would be translated into overworking the employees of the organization or performing operations that would be hazardous to the environment and the entire community (Zain 2008). According to his reasoning, Friedman believes that provided the firms operate within the regulations that are provided for by the pre-defined legislation, and having taken into account the interest of the shareholders, all the other supposed roles will be automatically fulfilled. Friedman argues that if business organizations simply capitalize on profit maximization while operating under the established legal procedures, then the firm is assured continued life as there will be funds for inventory maintenance and expansion (Zain 2008). In his view, the management of a firm or business enterprise that engages itself in additional social responsibility may be faced with difficulties in executing its duties to be able to sustain the growth and development of the firm. Friedm an points out that â€Å"open and free competition without deception or fraud is the only responsibility of firms,† thus, social responsibilities tend to divert firms from making enough profits as demanded by shareholders (Zain 2008). On the other hand, Archie Carroll has larger view of the supposed responsibility of business. Carroll considers the roles played by businesses as four-fold and extends beyond the maximization of shareholder’s profit. In his view, business plays economic roles, ethical roles, legal roles as well as other voluntary roles that helps shape the society in general (Zain 2008). The first responsibility in this model is in line with Friedman’s profit maximization. To be able to contribute to the macro-economic development, businesses need to emphasize on the maximization of their profits by capitalizing on their strength and market opportunities. Businesses need to embark on thorough market and marketing research so as to identify what typ es of products to deal in, how much to keep in inventory and when to do so. Secondly, the government has the role of providing certain regulations in relation to the business activities to be undertaken as well as the mode of operations. Abiding by these laws and regulations is also a responsibility of business. As Zain (2008) described, â€Å"legal responsibilities are those that are defined by the authorities and firms are required to abide by them in a strict and disciplined manner.† The other set of responsibility that Carroll considers fundamental in the operations of a business enterprise is ethical responsibility. He believes there should be some set of moral standards from which the management of

Adam Smith the Father of Modern Economics Essay Example for Free

Adam Smith the Father of Modern Economics Essay The article, Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand by Helen Joyce, proved to be interesting reading. Although it was written about three years ago and the man himself lived more than 300 years ago, the man and his theories live on through the 21st century. Before I read the article, I had never heard of Adam Smith, but it appears his ideas have penetrated time. I started doing more research into the man and his theories. In order to understand his theories and how he thought about processes, one must understand his beginnings. Adam Smith was born in Scotland. He attended Glasgow University then Oxford University. It was his experience in this stay at Oxford that was the basis for the vital observations about universities found in The Wealth of Nations. He was selected as the Professor of Logic at Glasgow and later, Professor of Moral Philosophy. He lectured on spirituality, moral principles and political economy. His first book The Theory of Moral Sentiments established his status. He sought to understand what it was that led us to care about the welfare of others. With that book complete, he gave less attention to his theories of morals and more to political economy. Later, he made the decision to give up his university post by becoming a tutor to the Duke of Buccleuch. They traveled mainly in France, where Smith came to know many of the intellectual leaders of the country. He began a dissertation on economics. It was published as The Wealth of Nations, and on this work rests the ongoing acknowledgement of him as the father of economics. He had very provocative ideas in the book. It was a work that altered the world of economics. Many say it reformed the world itself. He asserts that wealth is steadily created by rising labor output through two key factors (1) the division of labor, encouraged by trade the natural propensity to truck, barter and exchange and also (2) the growth of capital, made possible by the natural inclination of people toward thriftiness. For example, Smith alleged that a system of natural liberty allowed the self-interest of the person to be attached for the good of society, through what he called the â€Å"division of labor and the accumulation of capital. He argued that the free market is an clever device which regulates itself through supply and demand. His purpose was pretty clear: not to advance the interests of any class, but to push the wealth of the entire country. Whatever a nation consumes must be either produced from its labor or purchased in trade. There is no other basis for spending or a standard of living. He assumed that, in fiscal life, the main inspiring force central to man’s actions was self-interest. He argued that, with the right institutional frame, men following their own self -interest would serve the general good. This framework did not call for wide government law. The best plan is to leave the fiscal method alone. This has come to be known as free enterprise. Largely through his book, these principles helped to guide the then rapidly increasing economic activity. And wealth, as he saw it, consisted of goods which all people could consume. This was a democratic; and for that time, radical principle that he adhered to with notable stability. He produced a document that he expected to be used in the conduct of governments. The book presents a persuasive argument for a new approach to economic policy. Smith offered future economists with the makeup of the discipline of economics. His vision of a competitive market balance following a path of growth to wealth and abundance defined the problems that economists have wrestled with ever since His purely scientific contribution has been vast, and in its basic structure his framework still remains the heart of modern economics. On one level, it is an attack on the opinions of his people written for its own time and directed against the existing policies of government. On another level, it is an optimistic thesis that deals with basic troubles of order in human society It is an enthralling mix of ideas. In the most radical age of Western culture, when the uproar of social and intellectual upheaval puzzled lesser men, Adam Smith gave the world order. He did not invent the market or economics. He taught the world about them. For nearly 75 years, his writings supplied most of what economists knew. If there are more people per the amount of GDP, the standard of living is lower. If there are fewer people, it is higher. The GDP per capita the measure of the wealth of the nation is the product of the amount of labor productivity of that nation. The available land or other natural resources is not a decisive factor. He provided the root details of what causes labor productivity to be high or low in a nation. The theme of the book is explaining how labor productivity is resolute by the extent of the division of labor the dividing of work into a much greater number of parts. When the market is very small, when the population density is sparse, it is impossible to achieve much in the way of a division of labor. The more people that could crowd into a place, the greater the amount of specialization among occupations and the greater the marginal productivity, rather than the lesser. There is still controversy about Adam Smith and his account on the invisible hand. Simply put the invisible hand is a notion based on the law of chance. Every person intends only his or her own gain, but though a set of policies that he referred to as the system of natural liberty the good of the nation would be the accidental result. His â€Å"invisible hand is the new method of social life. He described the invisible hand in this way: Individuals naturally intend only their own gain, but unintentionally promote the general interest. He also suggests that ethics is based on sentiment, feelings of empathy between us and other people. He wrote consider how others would fairly judge their behavior before acting on matters that would involve conscience or moral judgment. The best course toward wealth and away from poverty and want is for a nations political rulers to allow for the unplanned result of self-interest, of private property rights, and of self-regulating rivalry under rules of free trade. As the economy globalizes, corporations flourish, and as societies agonize over which issues to settle according to the principles of right and wrong and which to settle according to economic principles. We see the tension between choosing to adhere to the ancient values of tradition, honor and command, or to the modern values of the business firm and the marketplace. The future global economy will tell if the invisible hand is a principle to rely on now and in the future. Though he passed away in 1790 his ideas have surely helped shape the way economists around the globe think, globally.

Elaborate And Explain The Impact Of Globalization Economics Essay

Elaborate And Explain The Impact Of Globalization Economics Essay Globalization is a process which allows for the entire world to get closer than it otherwise tends to be. This can be seen by the extensive growth and the development of the many multinational firms which tends to bring societies and economies much closer than they normally tend to be. Another example of globalization can also be the extensive growth of multinationals such as mc Donalds all around the world. Apart from this an increasing growth of communication networks such as the internet is another instance elaborating upon the extensiveness of globalization. In addition to this, another example can be the terrorists attacks of 9/11. Apart from this the spread of diseases such as AIDS and improvements in technology saving lives all over is yet another example of globalization. There may be numerous explanations to elaborate and explain the impact of globalization. In particular there are about two main schools of thought which may elaborate upon the impacts which globalization may have upon the world economy. The fist school of thought referred to as liberalism is explained to be the opinion which has a belief that an increasing level of globalization is not good for the economy. according to this perspective globalization implies that the richer become and continue to exploit the poor and get richer and on the other hand the poorer continues to being exploited and get even poorer than the normally are. However, this opinion may be subject to criticism by a number of those who believe that a growing amount of globalization may be desirable for the economies. Perhaps one of the many explanations to support this can be the economic theory of absolute and competitive advantage. According to this theory, there may be a growing level of output in the world economy if the countries around the world produce only the output which they are good and have a competitive advantage producing at. Therefore, according to this theory, if India is good at producing cotton while Japan is good at machinery, then it should be ensured that India only produces cotton and Japan machinery and then trade is ensured to allow for a greater level of output. This theory of comparative advantage helps to support and ensure a greater world output by globalization and greater exchange. Globalization Definitions There are numerous ways and means by which people have sought to explain globalization. Some of those definitions to explain globalization are as follows: 1- Kiely ET. Al said: Globalization refers to a world in which societies, cultures, polities and economies have, in some sense, come closer together.(Kiely et. al, 1998, p.3). 2- Economic dimension. The concept of globalization has emerged since the 1990s and can be defined in various ways. Giddens (1990) defined globalization as the intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.(Kiely et. al, 1998, p.3). 3-Tom J. Palmer of the Cato Institute defines globalization as the diminution or elimination of state-enforced restrictions on exchanges across borders and the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and exchange that has emerged as a result 4-Saskia Sassen writes that a good part of globalization consists of an enormous variety of micro-processes that begin to denationalize what had been constructed as national whether policies, capital, political subjectivity, urban spaces, temporal frames, or any other of a variety of dynamics and domains 5-the United Nations ESCWA has written that globalization is a widely-used term that can be defined in a number of different ways. When used in an economic context, it refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, and services and labor although considerable barriers remain to the flow of labor -World Bank, IMF, WTO role in making international policy in markets ((globalization)) It is important to note that the role of the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO is important when it comes to the international markets. these international organizations are in continuous collaboration with one and other to form allow and encourage globalization which in turn tends to be the basic and the most widespread institution of the world today (ARMITAGE, 2005). Apart from this, there are a number of other aims and objectives of the three collaborating organizations. One of such other aim of the organization is also to allow for poverty alleviation. There are a number of programmes launched by an active collaboration of the World Bank the IMF and the WTO to remove poverty in a number of countries around the globe. This is particularly achieved by calibrating with the local government. In this regard there are a number of poverty reduction strategy papers. These papers are prepared by country authoritiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to describe a comprehensive economic, structural and social policy framework that is being implemented to promote growth and reduce poverty in the country. (IMF 2005c.) However, it is important to know that the functions and the work of the three organizations may not always be in black and white. It might be difficult to allow for the distinction to take place and the differences in the various tasks that are usually performed are on mere ideological basis. Although there is no doubt that the three institutions play a major role in the entire world s economic conditions, it may be questionable as to how they function, and in particular whose side or support they stand for. It may be that their stance may be different then what appears to be at the face of it. One of the many opinions or school of thought in regards to this issue maybe the Marxist school of thought. As per the Marxist school it may very likely be that the US government tends to use these institutions in order to allow for a greater domination and a greater expansion of theory state power. in other words they may use it as a means to exercise their global dominance and sustain it for a long period of time (Held and McGrew 2002: pp 62.) their argument suggested that the many plans by the US to help and aid the other relatively poorer countries are merely attempts by the US to ensure that there is no mass scale upheaval and protest in relation to the unequal policies and strategies used by the US. This can in particular be seen and evaluated by the liberal-capitalist model. (Held and McGrew 2002: pp 62) On the other hand globalists may completely differ in their stance towards the three organizations. According to them, globalists believe that the arguments of the globalists maybe at fault. It might as well be that the three organizations are actively serving to indeed help and alleviate poverty. The fact that the organizations have been collaborating with the NGOs and the local government along with the trade unions and charitable organizations are aspects which tend to support the positivist bought by the three main world organizations. -the globalization in neo-liberalist theory Neo liberalism refers to an increasing amount of focus upon the allocation of resources from the private to the public sector. In other words, there is an increasing emphasis upon consumerism, an increasing amount of efficiency and a greater level of output in the private sector. When considering an amalgamation of the globalization in the economy with respect to the neo liberist theory, there has to be two issues which are essentially important to be taken into consideration. First and fore mostly is the increasing amount of effect that globalization has upon the government policies which often tend to ensure that their respective countries are not completely surrendered towards globalization. Globalization and Social Policy wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn) 2-The rate of change in output from the current year to the next year. www.canequity.com/mortgage-resources/ The role of globalization in the factors of economic growth (positive) Income distribution: there may be arguments and an evidence of materials especially the one by the World Bank to argue that an increase in globalization has reduced the income inequalities of the world. This in particular can be seen by the fact that the countries which are the most globalize tends to have the least inequality in its distribution of income and wealth. Quality of life: there is a general belief that an increasing level of globalization is directly related to improving living standards of the world. This may be possible due to an extensive level of exchange in technology. For instance, the development of any life saving drug may seek to increase the living standards of the general world population. The role of globalization in the factors of economic growth (negative) A. Quality of life: however, it may not necessarily be that an increase in globalization would definitely improve the life quality. An example might be that of tourism. It may be useful to assume that globalization has lead to an increasing amount of tourists but then it might a swell be that the loss of the traditional simple and happy lifestyle of perhaps a fisherman is no more the case and has been completely altered. In this case globalization has had a negative implication on the living standards if the people. B. Consumerism it has also been held that an increasing amount of globalization may also lead to an increasing level of consumerism which refers to an excess of wants then what is required or a good living. This may mean that the consumers may become excessively dependant on such goods to attain a desirable living standard. C. Equitable Growth it is also important to note that an increasing amount of globalization may not always be beneficial to the economy. There may be a need to have a more sustainable growth but perhaps due to the increasing pressure on natural resources and the need for it to being conserved for the next generation. However, if sustainable growth in the economy is not achieved as it might be in the case of industries developed at a fast rate then this may lead to an increasing amount of difficulties for the future. How can globalization promote economic growth? Globalization may have increasing amount of impacts on the economic growth of the country. It may directly seek as a means of living due to perhaps employment of people in multinational companies. this holds especially true for the developing countries where these multinational seek to allow for employment and also lead an n=increasing amount of investments into the country. This may in particular; ad to economic growth and maximize the output of the country. Apart from this, increasing demand for local goods by the foreigner may also be helpful in increasing the level of output ad income in the economy. What is the relation between economic growth and globalization? The countries that attempt the globalization policies in their life style they has faster economic growth. Examples can be found among Chinese, Indian states, and the countries of Bangladesh and Vietnam. On the other hand some countries were failed, such as Afghanistan or the Democratic Republic of the Congo in embarking the globalization strategies like some domestic reforms, many social service provision. Worldwide act, that provided access to foreign markets, technology, and aid. **Poverty reduction: Introduction Even today more than one fifth of the worlds population lives on less than $1 per day. Moreover, there is still poverty spreading out in several developing nations. This is a major concern for many particularly because world statistics indicate that 6 billion people, 2.8 billion live on less than $US2 a day, and 1.2 billion live on less than $US1 a day, while more than 800 million people are said to be malnourished (WDR 2000-2001). Moreover, the world population comprising the poor is very unevenly spread out with about one fourth of the population centered on Asian region comprising just seven countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). An approximation indicates that there might be around 800 million poor people lining in these areas. (Rasul 1997:51). Thus, poverty for such nations may be a crucial aspect and forms their primary priority to be solved. Definition Poverty is one of the greatest hurdles the world could ever face. Despite many attempts o eliminate it still remains a crucial concerns amongst many nations. It can be seen as one of the issues which tend to hinder development, particularly amongst the developing nations. Even amongst the developed nations it still continues to be problematic as it is still prevalent there. Social and economic problems such as unemployment, illiteracy, malnutrition, diseases, bad housing, and lack of access to social services are often found to correlate and coexist with poverty. And as these problems imply that individual find it difficult to lead an easy life. In other words poverty implies malnutrition; lack of shelter; being sick and not being able to see a doctor; literacy; unemployment fear of the future, living one day at a time; powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom. These are the many problems of poverty which should be sought an escape from. (NCHADI MOFALADI, 2005) ((Shorter and paraphrasing)) Another definition by the World Bank study In the present state of our understanding of the poverty syndrome, there is no theoretical framework within which poverty can be satisfactorily explained in its entirety Other definition The UNDP (1997: 2) defines poverty as denial of choices and opportunities for living a tolerable life. On the other hand also poverty can be defined as the situation, which impedes an individual or a family to satisfy one or more needs and to participate fully in social life. (Morales 1994:16). These needs include health, education, housing, social security, and basic communication etc. Causes of poverty: Take in general The positive impact of globalization in poverty reduction Economic integration has positive effects on growth and poverty reduction, especially within a developing economy. In short, as Kiely et. al (1998) presented, as three main aspects of globalization, international trade, capital flows as well as transnational corporations have good and favorable impact on poverty. These positive implications of globalization for poverty are respectively analyzed in details as followed. The negative impact of poverty reduction Attempts and programmes to low for poverty reduction may imply that help provided to the poor perhaps by allowing for better housing facilities or so may make them inefficient and they may start to rely more and more and increasingly upon the state and the NGOs for help. How can the globalization reduce the poverty? Æ’ËÅ" Economic globalization reduces poverty and income inequality neo liberal economic globalization strongly believe that globalization is a benign force for social transformation, which through free trade and capital mobility is creating a global market, civilization in which prosperity, wealth power and liberal democracy are being diffused widely in all direction of the globe. The IMF also helped to allow for poverty alleviation. In this regard the loans to remove poverty came not from the IMF but from the commercial and investment banks in the private sector. The increasing OPEC oil prices had allowed for a greater amount of cash to be in flowed into the banks and these were landed to the developing countries to allow for a greater amount of loans and to earn heavy interest. However, these plans were soon failed because the developing countries failed to progress with the loans that they were given. Rather, they found it difficult to return back the loans. This had been due to the high oil prices due to which the balance of payment has gone into a deficit and soon they were out of cash. At this point in time when the debts were no longer being services, the IMF stepped in allow for loans to these nations directly. An oil fund was also set in to allow for money to the developing nation. Case study Comparison between the case studies 5.1. Introduction: The table below would seek to outline the comparison of the developing and globalize countries and would explain how the many globalize countries have developed extensively due to their globalization policies. The growth rate and whether the countries adopt globalization have also been mentioned. Note that the growth rates for the year 2009 have been given: Country globalize growth rate Thailand yes 5% Congo no 3% Malaysia yes 6.1% China yes 8.7% India yes 6.5% Kenya no 3% In the early 1980s China was among the poorest countries with more than 60 percent of its population living on less than $1 a day. However, now China is considered to be the most striking recent example of success story of globalization. Chinas poverty was cut in half by 1990 and in half again by 2001. In China, life expectancy rose by four years, from 66.8 to 70.7 years from 1980 to 2002, and infant mortality fell from 49 to 32 per 1000 live births (WB, WDR, 2005). China now has become an important trade power in the world. The share of Merchandise trade in GDP has increased significantly during the 1990s and reached 60.1 percent in 2003 as compared to 32.5 percent in 1990. The annual average Growth rate of export of goods and services is about 27 percent in 2003 and 2004. Similarly, the import growth was about 25 percent in those years. In spite of chinas perceived success which is captured by an increase in growth as attributed to globalization, the debate still exist as to the need or relevance of Globalization for developing countries. This leads to the following research questions stated below. The last 4 decades of internationalization in Thailand manufacturing has become increasingly dominant. The more globalize countries: China, Argentina, Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, Thailand, China, India, Nepal, Cà ´te d Ivoire, Rwanda and Haiti: These countries have all undertaken reforms perceived as positive, such as investment liberalization, stabilization and property rights. Conclusion The mainstream view also argues that if a poor country wants to catch up with the rich country, it should become more global into the world market, which is manifested through opening up its borders, reducing tariff rates, attracting foreign capital, and so on. Thus it can be seen that by globalizing the countries would definitely have a better advantage and a greater deal of earnings than it would otherwise have it does not globalize and operates in a closed economy. Operating in a closed economy would imply that the country refuses to trade. Note that in such a case the three organizations, namely the world trade organization (WTO), the international monetary fund (IMF) and the World Bank would not be very appreciative of the foreign policy and the fact that an increasing amount of protectionism is being applied by the country. This in turn would mean that in case the country gets into any state of economic recession or is perhaps hasten by poverty or any other such problem it might as well be less likely for these organizations to lend a helping hand to the country. This in turn may prove to be a genuine concern for that particular country, especially when looking at it in case of any possible trouble. However if we compare this issue to that of a country which tends to be a globalize it can be seen that globalization tends to potray a very favorable and good image of the country. For instance, let us look at India as an example. After coming out of the increasing amount of protectionist policies that the country had, it could be seen that India entered a new phase of development. Perhaps one of the best and greatest advantages that India had after it started globalizing was that of tourism. Tourism in India helped the country earn an increasing level of foreign exchange and also let it to develop. However, tourism is just one of the many advantages which globalization brings with it. One of the other great advantage that globalization tends to bring with it also tends to be that of an increase exchange of information and data all across the world. Thus any improvements in technology in one corner of the world can very easily be available and accessible to the other part of the wor ld. An example of this can be the development of the GPRS system of technology or what is commonly also referred to as the global repositioning system of technology. This means of sharing information all across the glove was possible only through an extensive level of globalization all across the world. Not only has this, but globalization helps and promises bettered living standards to each and every inhabitants of the world. One of the way in which it is done so by allowing a far greater level of goods and services to be available to individuals all over the world. for instance, if as fruit such as strawberries are not grown or available in India, then globalization and an extensive level of world trade ensures that those goods and services which in this case tends to be the fruits is made available to other. Another way of an improvement in the living standards can be seen by the way there are more and more services available to all the countries as a result of globalization. thus for instance, if a [particular country lacks educational facilities, globalization makes in easier and more convenient to avail those facilities. an example of such a service can be the cie examination service which have been spreading out to an increasing amount of countries across the globe. although initially just set up for the UK, globalization allowed an increasing number of individuals to avail the examination services and therefore this allows for an important indicator promising better living standards. Another such practical advantage which can be closely seen as a result of globalization can also be that of Dubai. Initially exporting mainly oil, Dubai learned to expand and allow more tourists into the country, thereby allowing an increasing inflow of investments to enter within the country. This in turn helped up to boost the markets of Dubai and led to an increasing level of foreign investments. these investments indeed proved to be very helpful fort he economy of Dubai because following this investment there was an increasing level of growth in the country even after the economic recession which took place all across the globe. Apart from this, there is also another issue of recognition. It is most commonly held that the countries which tend to be more globalized have a greater cognition in the international economy. As a result these countries often are supported and favored when there is any international issue coming up and the particular economy needs lot of support. On the other hand, an economy which lacks in it the element of globalization and tends to keep to it would have a greater difficulty in trying to maintain up to its image and gain an increasing amount of support internationally. However, if we compare these advantages that a globalize nation has against those which a no globalize nation often tends to have it can be seen that a globalize nation has a stronger support form the international organization and thus has a lesser chance of not receiving any help from internationally. Not only this but the relative advantages which a globalize nation tends to have in comparison to a nation which is not at all globalize implies that globalization has far greater benefits than those which otherwise appear of to be. After seeing the difference between the global and less global countries it has been obvious that globalization have many benefits to all especially to reduce poverty and on promoting economic growth for every one developed countries and un developed ones ( the third world).