The Role of Habeas Corpus in the Constitutional Right

Introduction Debates so far disclose that the habeas corpus brings in difficult and thoughtful issues on the American government. It is an area with heated disagreements, and that makes amendments in the Supreme Court most patent. Here, the indispensable question is on the privileges of habeas corpus.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Habeas Corpus in the Constitutional Right specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recent remarkable proclamations on the constitutional rights of those individuals held in perspective of the warfare on terror have revised the judicial understanding of habeas corpus. The courts understand that these enemies are unrestricted to due process rights. However, they do not precisely know how many courses of action these suspected enemy combatants are subjected to. Meaning of the constitutional right of habeas corpus According to constitution of the United States, habeas corpus is that a ny person under arrest has to be taken before a court of order for a legal action. A convene with power of a court order is made to the custodian and stresses that a detainee is brought before the judge and can be unconfined from illegitimate incarceration. The lawful right to submit an application for habeas corpus is a remedy to various unlawful confinements. The prisoner can request for it or another individual coming for the prisoner’s assistance. The person coming for the prisoner’s aid is as a result of the detainee being under solitary confinement (Hudson, 2007). That is an exceptional form of detention where detainee is inaccessible from any human contact except prison officials only. This guarantees that all prisoners in American detainee camps have to be presented in court. The chronological development of habeas corpus Habeas Corpus has since the earliest era been used to coerce the look of a captive to be brought in front of a court of order. In England, du ring the sovereignty of King Edward I the writ was declared. A Habeas Corpus Act was passed. It stated that any detained person by order of the king could file an application for a habeas corpus. Currently, in England the habeas corpus is employed by the superior court (Habeas corpus: From England to empire, 2010). By the era of American Revolutionary war, Habeas Corpus had been finely recognized in England and its colonies. However, habeas corpus subsisted in the American colonies even before the approval of the constitution. The American colonial rulings ensured the availability of habeas corpus. It was later officially included United States Constitution. However, in a notable number of instances its implication was suspended and instead the military commissions were employed in trying the enemies of commandant being held United States’ detention centers (Mian, 1984).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 1 5% OFF Learn More Occasions whereby employment of habeas corpus was suspended There are a number of recorded cases where employment of habeas corpus was suspended. In 1861, President Lincoln ordered deferment of the constitutionally sheltered right to court order of habeas corpus. He proclaimed that all the arrested enemies of commandants were going to be imprisoned without any court trials. However, once the warfare was over, habeas corpus was reestablished throughout the nation’s jurisdiction. The reestablishment was ordered by the Supreme Court (Mian, 1984). In 2006, President Bush signed the Military Commissions Act. This act specified that an enemy of commandant was in no way going to be granted a court order of habeas corpus. Thus, it gave the president unrestricted power in performing military commissions to try the enemies of commandant being held in detention by the United States. However, it is vital to note that every captive has the right to be tried in a court of order hence the present applicability the suspension is far from one’s comprehension. The significance of habeas corpus to the current United States’ situation Habeas corpus is of immense relevance in the current United States’. It will ensure that the government gathers enough evidence about the actual perpetrators of war. In the process of a judgment, a detainee can release particularly useful information regarding whoever organized any attacks (Mian, 1984). In ensuring justice, only those found guilty will be prosecuted. The U.S. Supreme Court’s analysis of the constitutional right of habeas corpus Global war on terror led to a number of people being confined in Americas Guantanamo detention center. One of them was Lakhdar Boumediene. Since the Bush Administration had proclaimed that these enemies of commandant had no right in the American constitution, Boumediene and his fellows remained in custody (Mian, 1984). In 2007, a panel of American judges considered Lakhdar’s habeas corpus. Justice Kennedy delivered a court judgment that constitutionally guaranteed the right of habeas corpus assessment applied to detainees detained in Guantanamo. He said that habeas corpus also applied to other enemy combatants in American jurisdiction. This opinion was agreed upon by Justice; Ginsburg, Breyer, Souter and Stevens. Those who agreed with this opinion were five Justices. However, their opinion was opposed by four judges. Judge Robert filed a contrasting view. He was supported by three other justices that are Justice Scalia, Thomas and Alito. This opposing group preferred the application of Detainee treatment Act. The proposing one argued that the Detainee treatment Act had botched in the provision of a satisfactory substitute for habeas corpus. As a result, Boumediene was tried in United States’ court of order. He was ordered freed of charge by Judge Richard of the Federal District Court (Mian, 1984).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Habeas Corpus in the Constitutional Right specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of the president The crucial rationale following the indefinite detention of the war on terror detainees is deep-rooted to the assertion that they battled against the United States. It is based on the alleged rejection of the Taliban to deliver Osama bin Laden. President George Bush claimed Osama to have been responsible for the attacks in America. A point to support that claim is that Bin Laden had earlier warned his close people to return to Afghanistan. This makes the allegation moderately weak. In dealing with the issue in a modern manner, the President should have allowed the habeas corpus move. Putting the suspects under court trials would have perpetrated a better way of getting evidence to the attacks (Mian, 1984). Evaluation of Congress’s role in deciding when habeas corpus can be per ched The congress asserted that, in suspension, the habeas corpus is not suspended but instead only the privilege of offering it is suspended. It means; a detainee can apply for it, or a detainee’s representative can do it. However, the issuing court under the direction of Congress can conclude whether to allow it its proceeding or not. In suspension, this proceeding is not granted. It is thus vital to ascertain that these proceedings are done in an organized manner. The Congress should create a constitutional period for habeas corpus application (Neubauer, 2008). Supreme Court’s role in defending civil rights Supreme Court’s key responsibility is to promote and protect the civil rights of all individuals under the United States’ jurisdiction. Before throwing out the constitutional right to habeas corpus on the enemy of combatants, the court considered the requirement for them to be face justice before they were convicted (Cosmos of Humanists Pr. Hudson, 2007). Completely denying them this right would have been against the Constitution. Furthermore, this would indicate the government is detaining custodians who have not been proved guilty. Again, this would be denying them their right to be tried before a court of order.. Ideology on the equilibrium linking civil rights and national safety in the incessant terror war Since constitutional rights are intended to defend guiltless people and reassure that only those who committed offense will be confined, then it makes sense limit habeas corpus to those who are debatably innocent. Furthermore, since the constitutional rights are meant to serve for national security then habeas corpus must be presented in spite of guilt or innocence. It will ensure that the detainees will reveal information that will lead to capture of the main perpetrators of attacks on the United States.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion It is vital to consider the constitutional right to habeas corpus in relation to the current warfare position. The Supreme Court’s decisions should be recognized principally as an attempt to contain the uniqueness of modern warfare. Habeas corpus will not likely constrict the effectiveness of the war on terror instead it will renovate the process allocated to prisoners of war. References Cosmos of Humanists Pr. Hudson, D. L. (2007). Prisoners’ rights. New York: Chelsea House. Habeas corpus: From England to empire. (2010). Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press. Mian, B. K. (1984). American Habeas Corpus: Law, history, and politics. San Francisco Neubauer, D. W. (2008). America’s courts and the criminal justice system. Belmont, CA This essay on The Role of Habeas Corpus in the Constitutional Right was written and submitted by user Dirty F0x to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Government Internet Intervention essays

Government Internet Intervention essays The Internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more popular among those who are interested in, and have the time to surf the information superhighway. The problem with much information being accessible to this many people is that some of it is deemed inappropriate for minors. The government wants censorship, but a segment of the population does not. The Internet should not be considered a bad source for people, considering all the uses and information it distributes. During the past decade, our society has become based solely on the ability to move large amounts of information across large distances quickly. Computerization has influenced everyone's life. The natural evolution of computers and this need for ultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop. This global net allows a person to send E-mail across the world in mere fractions of a second, and enables even the common person to access information worldwide. With the advances with software that allows users with a sound card to use the Internet as a carrier for long distance voice calls and video conferencing, this network is the key to the future development of technologies. At present this net is the image of the First Amendment: freedom of speech. It is a place where people can speak their mind without being reprimanded for what they say, or how they choose to say it. Recently, Congress has been considering passing laws that will make it a crime punishable by jail to send "vulgar" language over the net. The government wants to maintain control over this new form of communication, and they are trying to use the protection of children as a smoke screen to pass laws that will allow them to regulate and censor the Internet, while banning techniques that could eliminate the need for regulation. Censorship of the Internet threatens to destroy its freelance atmosphere, while metho...

Governments should focus on the wll-being of ther populations rather Essay

Governments should focus on the wll-being of ther populations rather than economic growth. To what extent do you agree whith thi - Essay Example This paper is therefore designed to illustrate why and how proper balances of population well-being and economic growth should be facilitated by governments. This will be illustrated by first examining how economic growth policies can be detrimental to a population’s well-being. Secondly, this paper will examine trends in satisfaction and how well-being and economic growth perform in those trends. Speth (2008) informs that the belief that fast and abundant economic growth often comes at the price of the environment (p. 24). This approach to economic growth, while attending to the immediate well-being of the population does not take into account the well-being of future generations who will ultimately have to deal with a â€Å"perilous state environmentally† (Speth 2008, p. 24). Far too often economic policies do not take account of the sacrifices to the environment. Governments in a desire to advance economic growth place far too much emphasis on technology and far too little emphasis on the cost to the environment (Speth 2008, p. 24). Acknowledging that economic growth and modern technology are necessarily intertwined in an increasingly global economy, but at the potential cost to the environment, there must be a proper balance. ... The latter implies a responsible use of the earth’s resources for economic development. By taking this approach, the government is not only ensuring economic wealth, but looking ahead to ensure that the population’s well-being and economic growth both equally protected. Norberg (2010) also takes the position that economic growth policies have focused far too much on â€Å"simply maximising production† (p. 2). Like Speth (2008), Norberg (2010) argues that this approach to government policies does not take account of the environmental costs. As a result, warnings about environmental issues, particularly global warning are changing the way that populations perceive wealth. This together with the recent global financial crisis has cultivated a lack of confidence in how well economic growth and more especially GDPs measure the well-being of populations (Norberg 2010, p.2). Norberg (2010) demonstrates why a proper balance is required to be made between economic growth and the population’s well-being. If one take the position that the environment is just as important to the population’s well-being as economic growth, it will serve no purpose to trade one for the other. For example, Norberg (2010) argues that the Happy Planet Index (HPI) introduced by the New Economics Foundations in 2006 indicates that populations in the wealthiest Western nations rank lower on the HPI than countries in Asia and Latin America (Norberg 2010, p. 5). The obvious difference here is the greater degree of development in the Western countries which necessarily correlates with greater modernization and the corresponding damages to the environment. Countries in Asia and Latin America are obviously not as developed and therefore

Comparing Art theory and Art work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparing Art theory and Art work - Essay Example This theory was initiated in the Romantic Movement when the individual was placed as the central point in art. Through this theory, artwork was seen as the unique portrayal of artists’ feelings and emotions. It said that good art is the one which successfully communicates the feelings of the artist with the audience. An artist becomes successful when he is able to express his feelings through his artwork (Knill 46). The theory has its weaknesses and is criticized since the Romantic Era. In today’s world, modern art is defined as a human activity in which one person uses different forms of art to convey his feelings to the others and influence them. This theory is well suited in the abstract art but not much in other forms of art. Somehow this theory restricts the artists to express their feelings and emotions through art rather than following the concept ‘art for art’s sake’ (Knill 56). The expressive theory had cultivated in the Romantic Movement in the late eighteenth century. There are three concepts of expressive theory that are associated with the movement: imagination, genius, and emotion. These three terms are believed by expressionists as key elements in any artwork. They believe that individuality is what makes an artists’ art recognizable and unique (Knill 76). The artist must portray his feelings through the art such as through paintings, music, or poems. The artwork is a platform for every artist to convey his inner feelings to the world. Objectivists argue that expressive theories are rather irrelevant as the artwork must focus on art not the artist. Expressionists continue to argue that an artwork is the complete depiction of the artists’ personality and an artist tends to create what best reflects his feelings (Knill 78). Psychologically also, an artist is able to create what is in his mind and what he truly believes in. This doesn’t only mean emotions and feelings, but also ideas

Accounting theory and practice Speech or Presentation

Accounting theory and practice - Speech or Presentation Example Q1 (I): since the preference share is short-lived (it is to be redeemed in 2013, thus not a permanent source of capital), it can be classified under temporary equity. The following journal entries should be made in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 (Swart 2002, pp. 140-176). Q1 (II): the preference shares are redeemable and the shareholders have exclusive rights to dividends (2%) of the par value. Therefore, it is treated as a debt and would be recorded as below in the financial statements (Swart 2002, pp. 140-176) In the above process of determining the amortized costs, the cash flow = (2%*25M) except for the year 2013, which contains the principal amount (25M) plus the cash flow (500,000). Second, the cash flows are discounted using the presumed interest rate of 10% to get the opening amount (18,659,900). In the row marked 2010, the opening amount is multiplied by 10% to get the interest payable (1,865,990). The difference between interest payable and cash flow for that year is added to the opening for that year, to get the closing amount (20,025,890). The closing amount for 2010 becomes the opening amount for 2011. Follow the same process up to year 2012. Since the shares are redeemed in the year 2013, there will not be a closing amount for the year. Part B: the general accounting rules require that financial items be treated as liabilities if it obligates a company to part with cash or other financial assets. Secondly, if the issuer (a company), has no control over factors that leads to its maturity date. Lastly, if the requirement to pay principal amount may induce a contractual obligation to pay interest on dividends. However, the internal accounting standard has done major reviews on the mentioned regulations to include other emerging issues. The review of the rules regulating the accounting treatment of liabilities paved way

Economic Globalisation And Rising Global Living Standards Economics Essay

Economic Globalisation And Rising Global Living Standards Economics Essay 1.0. Introduction. The notion of economic globalisation has grown to be one of the generally effective in economic development as well as raises the global living standards through economic growth and poverty reduction. Economic Globalization is muscularly believed to result in better social, economic and in the contemporary world. Yet UN1 report (September 1999) show the current trend of economic inequality has increased dramatically as a direct result of economic globalization and current rules of trade. Subsequently, economic globalisation is growing attractive a controversial issue whether it can really lead to a rise in global living standard or aggravate the situation. Several authors in this part look not to convincingly provide or even concur on relation between economic globalisation and living standard. To my understanding, economic globalisation is an essential but not enough condition to hasten living standard 1.1. PURPOSE The purpose of this essay is to essentially inspect how aspects of economic globalisation facilitate a rise in global living standards. The essay will commence by introducing the concepts of economic globalisation and living standards and its measurements, using different readings, lectures, Journals and my personal view regarding to the issue. The first part of this essay will illustrate the link between economic globalisation and contribution of economic globalisation to the process of accelerated economic growth and poverty reduction. Secondly, it will examine some criticism and or challenges associated with economic globalisation. Finally, the essay will draw a conclusion based on review findings. 1.2 Economic Globalisation and Living Standards. The perception of economic globalisation mean global spanning economic relationships in term of markets, finance, good and services and the network create by transactional (Chase, 1999). According to Nicholas (2009), economic globalisation is the increasing of cross border flow of goods and service. He emphasize that It facilitates increasing cross border movement of financial capital, which increase economics activities from private derived from foreign sources. Moreover, movement of productive activities are then totally or partially extended or relocated to another country. It is likely that the integrations of global economic enabling social, economic environment that will broke out of poverty and improved the living standard of a related community. For better understanding on the Concept of living standard, I will brief discuss on the idea of GNI2 per capita which is broader definition of well being. Michael Todaro (2009) state that GNI per capita is a common measures of economic activities related with economic well being of people globally. He emphasizes that. GNI comprises GDP plus the difference between the income residents receive from abroad for factor services less payment made to non residents who contribute to the domestic economy. Not only that but also as it defined by several International agencies including OECD3 and UN living standards process by HDI4 ranks countries on scale of high and lower ranks. Usually it focus on three indicators: i) life expectancy at birth knowledge as measured weighted average of adult literacy and standard of living by using real per capita gross domestic product with PPP (Todaro and Smith 2009), ii) HDI uses to evaluate standard of living by determine real per capital gross domestic pr oduct adjusted by PPP5 of each countrys currency reflect cost of living of a particular country (Todaro 2009). The above information gives the connotation of living standards is associated with real income per individual and poverty rate. 2.0 Link between Economic Globalisation and Living Standard. Before the description of link between the economic globalisation and living standard, this paper will describe in brief the goal one of MDG6 in association with the global living standard. The endorsement of eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (Todaro 2009) is Goal One among of eight inspiring and much talked about Millennium Development Goals (MDG). In alliance with its target of reduce by half of the people living on less than $1 a day, it aims is to improve living standard, and encourage economic growth and improve equity. In this regards, by achieving these targeted goals, it will help to improve the growth as well as income poverty which is very important in poverty reduction and raise living standards. Many writers believe that people lives with income level below 1$ per day represents in extreme poverty, indicating that they live in absolute poverty. According to Allen and Thomas (2000) the global target for measure living standards by using poverty line which is US 1 $ per day by adjusted by PPP. The question is what the position is for those living under one or two dollar per day. This is shows that poor people suffer by necessary requirements similar to health care, adequate provisions and appropriate protection. As I illustrate in the beginning, economic globalisation is the opening of economic to flow of goods and services, capital and business from other nations that integrate their market with that abroad S.Mishkin (2006). Hence is better to look which forces which help to hasten the pace of economic globalisation today. I will consider on the three major forces which helps to accelerate the economic globalisation with living standards according to OECD handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators (2005). Economic globalisation can increase by different forces. The following are the major forces which supply the swiftness up globally economic: The liberalisation of capital movements, of financial services in particular, the opening of markets to international trade and investments. Neoclassical point of view transmits trade liberalisation as a source of amenities economic growth by shift to the market liberalisation and growing global amalgamation. Their key thought by having more open market oriented emphasize more choice in trade itself and capital flow in develop the higher the living standards of global population. Todaro and Smith (2009) state that, free market permitting competition to flourish privatisations which promote both economic efficiency and economic growth. Hoekman at al. (2004) agrees that, Trade liberalisation and openness to trade increases the growth rate of income and output. In theory, it offers prediction for foreign firm and local firms citizen to be engaged in production, give confidence in export with domestic and international promote. To a large extent the process observed support sustaining the profitable achievement of counties like South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. Moreover, it make possible for large firm allocate individual i n to specialise additional product, therefore develop more market and increase consumer preferences. In addition, Neoclassical agrees that, not only free market but also economic globalisation in term of financial globalisation progress the economic growth. According to S. Mishkin (2006) economic globalisation through financial low has several important in emerging market economies. In this regards movement of capital flow allows to come into a country encourage distribution of capital as well as domestic economic sector become well off. For Neoclassical perspective, capital is physical inputs including money, machine natural resource and human with technology. The expansion of capital production resulted booming saving in financial institution (Nicholas 2009). In this regards increasing of saving due to higher interest rate will encourage the speed up investment, enabling creation of employment in particular for unskilled labour force in the long run, the income of inexperienced labour will be higher. On the other hand, Marxists argues that, economic globalisation base on international economic international leads inevitably to uneven gain (Nicholas 2009). Furthermore, they acknowledge that this internationalise trade rise a common European and the emergence in various international institution like World Bank and International Monitory Fund (Hossein 2005). In practice, the exchange of trade is imbalanced trade, for developing countries produces primary goods were sent to advanced countries who subsequently shaped manufactured commodities after that they tried to put on the market reverse to poor countries with value added tax making them unaffordable, resulted is international capitalism. Myriam Plank (2006) agrees that, In Gambia cheap import of chicken egg and milk loosing local access their domestic market and lack opportunities to earn income hence farmers especially women driven into poverty. This observation emphasize that reduce trade tariff is a key to destroys infants industries agricultural sector and in food in security especially in developing countries. Different with Neoclassical perspective, New Keynesian theories highlight that the international economic integration is not the result of free choice and not necessarily mutual beneficial, but can be made to be mutually beneficial. Nicholas (2009).This situation exacerbated by historical aspect, the role of colonialism was damaging of global economy particular for those countries became colonies which resulted the existing intercontinental division of labour. Maddison (2001) accepts that, free trade was imposed in India and other British colonies and the same true in Britains informal empire Hence it is important to realise that the exploitation of resources including inputs in term of human, slave trade and primary product from Africa to the industrial areas is a main reasons of the increasing inequality in economic growth and living standard between North and South. In additional to that, new Keynesian scholars argues that world economy is essentially constant. To some extent changing is crucial on internationally policies coordination through international institution like IMF, World Bank and WTO. The World Bank should be refocused with clear goals, and accountability for their success. Specifically, the bank should have one overarching assignment: helping the poorest countries achieves the millennium development goals to reduce poverty, hunger and disease Sachs (2008). International Financial Institutional, might pay support to developing countries by make out barriers to trade, provide debt relief and build capability on international trade as an alternative of supply of loans with higher conditionality. 3.0 CRITICS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION. This document has assessed the economic globalisation to find out whether it is sufficiently raising the global living standards for human being. To a large extent the process helps to increase growth and wealth and might provide benefits in exports, creation of employment and increasing of capital flow. It is exactly the expanding of international trade and investment put together enlargement of economic activities network worldwide. Yet it face some challenges. One of the most critics of economic globalisation is that, to a certain degree it has extended the economic gap between South and North. According to UN Report in 1999, the number of developing countries that have benefited from economic globalisation is smaller than 20. Shangquan (2000) emphasize that the difference of income per capita between the richest country and poorest country has enlarged from 30 times in 1960 to the 70 times at present. This indicating that there is also a gap on economic growth and living standards between them. His observation that the hole has been upward together surrounded by and within nations is largely true. The correlation with economic globalisation is to a large extent less comprehensible. This incompatible of per capita income cause an internationally deviation in incomes and living standards continues a moment, and convergence is slowest between OECD and HIPC7. Stiglitz (2006) argues that in many countries, unemployment rates are high and those who lose their jobs do not move to higher wage alternative but to the unemployment rolls. This has happened especially in many developing countries around the world when they liberalised so fast the private sector did not have time to respond and create new jobs. Therefore, unemployment rate increases in economic system where there are two dimensions appears low productivity in economics activities and higher rates of dependency and crime increasing in societies. Shangquan (2000) suggested that this huge amount of floating international capitals may lead up to bubble economies and disorderly fluctuation of foreign exchange rates. To some extent under release economic conditions, meticulous express for international floating capital consequence, there are great constrains on deteriorating capacity on macroeconomic control and regulation, particularly in monetary policy. This impact might suffer by developing countries rather than Industrial Countries. 4.0 CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this paper attempts the economic globalisation endeavour to raise economic growth internationally and helps increasing living standard on people globally. To a large extent, trade liberalisation of capital movements, financial services in opening market to international trade and investment encourage rise higher living standards in OECD rather than developing countries. Thus, while these policies maintain situation which show better off in one side and worse off to another, hence strong institutions should be created to strengthen national and international collaboration towards facing the above mentioned challenges. The practice of trade liberalisation and market oriented economic improvement that had taking place in many developing countries in the last two decade, yet, no proof for developing countries successful through the trade as well as financial liberalisation as opposed to export encouragement which useful in some of Asian Countries. In this situation, economic globalisation has benefits with OECD and some of Asia countries like Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea, which involved in global market (Griswold: 2000) has helped their economies, yet Africa and Latin America still becoming poor. For developing countries, this process will take time to take off for particular case. Major reasons that developed countries generate worldwide economic policies in term of price arrangements for production while third world countries engaged on primary and fragmented goods. Generally, as an economists functioning in developing countries, my personal view on economic globalisation and word economy today, though there is global specialisation focus on competitive advantages and between the highly developed and developing on energetic comparative advantages. Yet, current implementation of economic perspective, in term of economic globalisation should relate with New Keynesian perspectives. The economic growth relate with development distribution of welfare and environmental control. Emphasize redeployment of income and eliminating poverty by using different programmes like pro poor growth and poverty strategy growth programmes. In order to improve the economic growth of developing counties should make sure that income distribute equally, hence it will reduce the national divergence in living standards and the it will help to reduce an international divergence. Economic growth will stimulate development and collaborate poverty reduction programme and facili tate to meet target under goal one of the Millennium development Goal, to eliminate tremendous poverty and hunger.

IMPAIRMENT NEURAL DEVELOPMENTS AND SYMPTOMS OF AUTISM DISORDER Essay

Autism spectrum disorders are a common neural developmental brain condition (Cheng et al., 2010). It does not have unifying neurobiological or pathological etiology (Geschwind& Levitt, 2007) .It characterized by impaired social interaction and communication skills and restricted repetitive behavior (Johnson & Myers, 2007). Medical condition such as mental retardation, chromosomal anomalies and seizures are often appear with autism (Casanova, 2007). During first 3 years of childhood, these major symptoms are revealed (Casanova, 2007). Autism is one of three recognized condition and the other two know as Asperger’s syndrome (Levy, Mandell, & Schultz, 2009). There are also secondary symptoms that may not be shown in individual with autism disorder such as lower IQ performance and sensory sensitivity (Alexander et al., 2006). It occurs due to altered recognition and connection of brain nerve cell and their synapses (Levy et al., 2009). Other factor contribute to the occurrence of autism are genetics or environmental factors or both (Rodier, 2004). In 1960s, it was estimated to occur in five in every 10,000 child worldwide but this number is increased recently to be 72 in every 10,000 child since the 1990s due to the change in diagnostic practice and media attention (Newschaffer et al, 2007). The reason of increasing this disorder in recent year is still unknown (Comi, Zimmerman, Frye, Law, & Peeden, 1999). This essay will discuss the causes of Autism spectrum disorders, brain structure changes that involved in this condition and thus the major and secondary symptoms occurrence in relating to these structure impaired development in the brain. Autism appears between embryo development and the first 3 years of child development and c... ... Schendel, D., & Windham, G. C. (2007).The Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28, 21.1–21. Geschwind D. H., & Levitt, P. (2007), Autism spectrum disorders: developmental disconnection syndromes. Neurobiology 17,103–11. Johnson, C. P., & Myers, S. M. (2007). Identification and Evaluation of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. PEDIATRICS, 120, 1183-1215. Levy, S. E., Mandell, D. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2009). Autism. The Lancet, 374(9701), 1627 – 1638. Lam, K. S. L., & Aman, M. G. (2007). The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised: Independent Validation in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, 37, 855–866. Rodier, P. M. (2000). The Early Origins of Autism. Scientific American, 56-63. Rodier, P. M. (2004). Environmental Causes of Central Nervous System Maldevelopment. PEDIATRICS, 113, 1076-1083.

Distribution Channel of Banas Dairy Essay

The present study is conducted in the Banas Dairy sales area Genesis of Banas Dairy Late ShriGalbhabhai Patel established Banas Dairy with the dream of uplifting socio economic status of village farmers. This dream was fulfilled through the creation of a co-operative milk union for Banaskantha district, on the footprint of â€Å"Amul Dairy† of Kaira district, the ideal model of a Co-operative. Consequently eight village level co-operative milk societies in Vadgam and Palanpur taluk Ire registered and started collecting and pouring milk at DudhSagar Dairy, Mehsana from 3rd October 1966. The milk union got registered under Co-operative act on 31st January 1969 as Banaskantha District Co-operative milk producers’ Union Limited, popularly known as Banas Dairy. The foundation stone was laid by Late Galbabhai Nanjibhai Patel on 14th January 1971 at 122 acres land acquired near Jagana village in order to set up a dairy plant under the operation flood program launched by national Dairy development Board. On 7th May 1971’ the dairy started functioning at the same place with a capacity of 1. 5 lakh liters of milk per day. This has now been increased to 24. 3 lakh liters per day. The dairy has three automated plants with a wide 8-9 product lines. The small dream of Shri Galbabhai has now taken the shape of a co-operative of 1350 societies with around 15000 members. With the relentless efforts of dedicated and committed leadership, the dairy has won the trust of milk producers of Banaskantha district and has brought about a happy change in the lives of all its members. It has come up as a major revolution in the upliftment of the residents of the district. Mission and Vision Banas District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd. was established with the prime objective of eliminating the monopoly of private traders and providing the poor farmers the due that they deserve. Along with this it also ensures that the farmers are benefited the maximum out of their operations and activities. The mission of the organization is to provide sustainable means of livelihood to socio-economically downtrodden rural mass, while treading on the path of progress. The organization renews its vision every ten years. It strives to be a successful world class co-operative dairy. The objectives of the organization are clearly expressed through the quality policy, which states that: â€Å"I, the Banas Dairy, commit and aspire to fulfil the needs and expectations of our internal as Ill as external customers and delight them through our quality products and services. I shall achieve the goal through the followings: a). Applying principles of Quality Management Systems and Food Safety Management for continuous enrichment of our management processes. ). Providing remunerating returns, quality input services, introducing innovative and appropriate schemes and services to our milk producers. c). Motivating and providing and encouraging appropriate training for skill up-gradation of our employees. d). Protecting our value system and the environment by judicious use of all natural resources. † India is an agri- oriented country of the world. 70% people are living in rural area so I can say Indian peo ple are living in village the majority of population. The dream of late Galbabhai Patel, founder chairman and the selfless sage to uplift socio- economical status of village farmers came true after creation of a co- operative milk union for banaskantha district, on the foot print of â€Å"Amul Dairy†of kaira presently Anand) district on the model of true co operative milk societies in Vadgam and palanpur taluzka of district Ire registered and started collecting and pouring milk at Dudh Sagar dairy, Mahesana from 10th march 1969.

Tips Tricks How to Use the Control Panel

Tips Tricks How to Use the Control Panel Tips for Using the Control Panel When logged in, you will see a table with a list of all your orders. If you have a total of more than 8 orders, we will split your orders into pages. There are several columns in the table. Column Date shows the date when the order was placed. Deadline column only shows a deadline for orders that are currently in progress and will display late orders in red color. The Progress column displays the progress of the paper. Not every writer keeps the client notified of the progress, so if you feel like you need to know what is going on, click the Request progress update link from the Actions menu. The Writer column will show writer ID. It is done mainly to help you sort the orders by the writer ID, to have the idea how many of your orders are done by the same writer. In Quick actions column you have access to some quick actions you can perform with an order, without accessing the page for that order. Below you can also see a block that is called One-touch support request. This block will help you send a message for any order you have in progress without opening the corresponding order details page. You can send a message to staff or to the writer. This is useful when you have a quick comment for the writer, or when there is no update on the order and you want to notify staff about it. Click on the corresponding order to access a detailed information and actions page. On this page, you will be able to upload additional instructions, communicate with the writer or staff directly.

Team based management

Team based management Free Online Research Papers When two or more people gather together in order to accomplish a common task, then it’s known as a group. A team comprises of a group of people who are link for a common purpose. Teams are suitable for tasks which are complicated in nature. In a team there are different people with different skills to support one another. People individual ability helps minimize other people’s disability. There are many teams like independent and interdependent team; self managed team, project teams, sports team, cross functional team and virtual team. (Wikipedia, 2008) The main objective of this essay is to identify the advantages of team based management and affect of team on organization culture and structure. In this essay, different types of teams, pros and cons of team, impacts of team on organization structure and culture have been discussed. A team which is staffed with a mix of specialists is known as a cross functional team. On the other hand members of virtual team are electrically connected. These types of teams are important for the success of any organization. A team’s effectiveness can be determined by considering the people and organizational related factor. Employee job satisfaction, high job security, mutual trust and team spirit, good communication, low unresolved problem and power struggle lies in the people related factors. Organization stability, proper reward and compensation, autonomy, stable goals, well directives lies in the organizational factors. Combination of these two factors builds up an effective team. High performance, high morale, high job security, high team commitment are the characteristics of an effective team. Another important aspect of building an effective team is trust. Trust is the belief in integrity, character and ability of others. Without trust an effective team cannot be formed. Trust leads to the way of revealing information which creates influence on others and help to gain control on one-self as well as others. Communication, support, respect, fairness, predictability and competency are the six steps of building trust. (Kreitner, 2007) Teams are basic functional unit of an organization. It brings complementary skills and experiences of various people which is better than any individual. It produces high morale, productivity and sense of competition among the members of an organization. Teams are not always effective. It has some advantages and disadvantages as well. Advantages of having a team includes highly motivated work climate and environment, shared ownership, faster response to technology change, cross training, delegation of work, better communication, improved self- worth etc. On the other hand disadvantages of a team includes time consuming and conflicting, confused group member, role confusion and required longer time for results etc. Everything has it’s positive and negative side. But nowadays teams are coming to the lime light only because of it’s high efficiency. A well organized team can bring a company tremendous result. The company might reach to its desired target before deadline. Fo r all these reasons, the concept of team is now emerging. One another thing is mentionable here that all workplace groups are not teams. To be a team, group of people have to behave like a team. There should be trust among the team members and a driving force of achievement should be there in the team. (Alachua excels, N/A) There are several ways of building a team. The three most practiced approaches are formal retreat, continual improvement and outdoor experience. In case of outdoor experience approach, the members of a team a put in such an outdoor situation where they have to work physically and mentally to prove their capabilities. Though its not a widely practiced approach but it’s a good way to build a team. For an effective team building, the members should be given clear and specific objective. There should be good communication among members and the leaders should play a role model for the members. While choosing the members the organization has to be careful about the skills of the members. Members with proper skills should be taken in the team. The team members should be regularly introduced with new facts and there must be driving force in the team which will lead the team toward achievement. Regular feedback should be provided for the team members and there should be specific traini ng and development programs. By following all these criteria an effective team can be formed. It is very important for any team to have clear goals. Each member should know what their role is in a team and there should be no role ambiguity or role uncertainty. It only creates confusion among the members. If everyone in the team behaves according to their role, it’ll be easy to reach the goal. (Wood, Chapman, Osborn, 2004) The basic foundation of an organization is its structure. It makes up the organization. The type of the structure is purely determined by the type of the organization. Whether the organization is product oriented or service oriented is the indicator of the structure of the organization. Wheelwright and Clark defined two types of organizations; the functional organization and the project organization. Functional organizations are mainly service oriented organizations. One people has all the skills to complete a task and the type of job is not that much complicated. A light-weighted matrix organization remains functional and the level of specialization is comparable to that found in the functional mode. What is different is the addition of a product manager who coordinates the product creation activities through liaison representatives from each function. Their main tasks are: to collect information, to solve conflicts and to facilitate achievement of overall project objectives. Their status and influence are less as compared to functional managers, because they have no direct access to working-level people. On the other hand, in case of project organization, the job is complicated and usually a single person doesn’t have all the knowledge and capability to complete the task. The level of difficulty is also high here. Team based management is appropriate for these types of organization. In these types of organizations the workload is high and complex. So, team is used here to remove the unnecessary variables and make the production faster. In increases productivity as well as specialization. But it’s not possible to implement team based management in functional organization. In functional organization there are only temporary formal teams like quality control teams or task team. These teams are created for a specific purpose and after the completion of task the team gets disbanded. But in production based organizations, team is a must. Without a tea m the production will not be up to the mark. (Organizational Structure, N/A) [Online] To sustain in today’s competitive business environment organizations must change their organization structure. The primary objective of changing organization structure is nothing but promoting globalization. Especially the production oriented organization should concentrate more on changing the structure. Long ago Henry Ford’s assembly line has proven the effectiveness of team. It not only increases the production capability of the organization but also increases specialization. Through specialization they create a life long employment opportunity for the worker. It is expensive to transform the bureaucratic organizations to a flat team based organization. For that the organization has to concentrate on horizontal specialization of the employees which includes more personal coordination and customer oriented service. The design of the organization has to be transferred to organic design. Though organic designs are not as productive as mechanistic organization but in the long run organic design proves to be beneficial for the organization since the employees don’t get dissatisfied. (Chowdhury, F. 2008). Centralization refers to the degree power is distributed in the organization. In centralized organizations power is in the hand of the top level management. In this type of organization team based management doesn’t work properly. Here teams emerge only to solve problems and after solving the problem the team gets dissolved. The members of the team don’t know much about the higher level of the organization. So they are not that much effective. On the other hand teams are appropriate for decentralized organizations. This is the culture of decentralized organizations. In this type of organization power is delegated to lower level and teams work together to achieve the goal. The competition among teams is more intense in these organizations which are a positive factor. (Team self management, organizational structure and judgments of team effectiveness, 2004) [Online] It’s not obvious that teams will work effectively and create a positive impact on the organizational goal. Sometimes reverse happens and the team dysfunctions. There are several reasons behind dysfunction of a team. The main reasons are lack of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, avoidance of accountability and inattention to results. The main reason behind this is that sometimes team members think that their contribution is less noticeable and they are not properly rewarded. Sometimes team doesn’t see the end product which also is frustrating for them. Moreover there are social loafers who like to see others working in the team. Sometimes it takes long time to build a team. These are the reasons behind dysfunction of a team. These problems can be solved by applying Hackman and Oldham’s job characteristic model. The best ways to motivate employees are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback. (Chowdhury, F. 2008) Though there are some pros and cons of team based management but to sustain in today’s world, it is important to implement this approach. Team based management affects the structure and culture of the organization and sometimes it’s expensive to implement this approach. From the above discussion it is clear that TBM is not appropriate all type of organizations. It is most suitable for the production oriented organizations. It is important to understand the basic motive of a team and the key points of building an effective team. Organizations for which teams are suitable and the key points of building an effective team are discussed in this essay. [1649 words] Research Papers on Team based managementTrailblazing by Eric AndersonResearch Process Part OneThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Hockey GameIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paper

Abortion and Infanticide Michael Tooley Term Paper

Abortion and Infanticide Michael Tooley - Term Paper Example The researcher states that in his article Abortion and Infanticide Michael Tooley argues that embryos, fetuses and very young infants do not have a right to life due to their failure to satisfy â€Å"the self-consciousness requirement.† Argument of Tooley’s In the year 1972, Micheal Tooley has written the article ‘Abortion and Infanticide’. This article covered various aspects of abortion and infanticide from the Tooley’s perspective. The essay dealt with the morality issue of abortion and infanticide and questioned based on moral principles. These moral principles defined the basic rights of life. The author compared human fetus and infants to the adult members of various species like dogs, cats, polar bears and others and argued over the right to life issue. The author points out the morally relevant difference of newborn baby and earlier stage of development of human being. There are different views over the issue of abortion among the conservativ e view and others. Tooley argues that abortion issue differs from the moral issue as it appears in extreme positions from the conservative point of view of looking at it as a person. In the case where is not identified as a person than how it can be wrong in destroying it. Tooley explains infanticide from an emotional angle and regards it receiving the similar reaction from the society as it does in the cases linked with taboos of masturbation or oral sex in the past. However, the response to the infanticide is much stronger. Tooley differentiates the terms person and human beings and regards a person to be a moral concept. He explained the arguments of Roger Wertheimer in the opposition of abortion as Wertheimer used the term human being and person interchangeably and explained that from the moment of conception a fetus is a human being or a person. Tooley further compared the issue of abortion to the issue o Negro slavery. Tooley agrees to the same and draws the similar meaning fr om the term human being and person. The argument goes further in justifying that a person means a right to life. Tooley discusses that the strength of life with the simple explanation of being self conscious entity is incomplete as it will qualify all the animals in our everyday life to be person who are getting murdered for our preferences i.e. â€Å"Once one reflects upon the question of the basic moral principles involved in the ascription of a right to life to organisms, one may find himself driven to conclude our everyday treatment of animals is morally indefensible, and that we are in fact murdering innocent persons. † There have been three counterexamples of the claims of rights and desired in which desire can be absent due to emotional disturbance, it can be of a situation of temporarily unconscious of a previously conscious person or it can be absent due to manipulation. The arguments of morality can be different from each of the case. Tooley reinforces the need to h ave a demarking line where infanticide can have a clear cutoff point. There should be a line that can guide people to the safer side of the morality. Objection to Tooley’s Article Arp and Mahaffey explain the definition of person to be the one with the capacity of being rational or have intelligence, mental states on the issues like beliefs, desires, emotions, and self-awareness is strong and robust; use language, involved in relationships with other people and is morally responsible for one’s actions. Tooley’s essay treats the issue of abortion and infanticide with the vulnerable way for the understanding of the definition of the person is a self-conscious entity. A fetus or infant cannot be compared with animals or any other living beings as animals or animal babies do not have the similar potential of developing as a person to qualify on this definition. There are different definitions and circumstances of abortion. In medical terms, the life starts from the moment embryo is formed and it grows every day to become similar to the miniature form of a person.

High risk sexual behavior with incarcerated youths Annotated Bibliography

High risk sexual behavior with incarcerated youths - Annotated Bibliography Example The study also highlights the need for universal screening of the aforementioned illnesses in youth correction facilities; and the tendency of untrained staff in these facilities to interpret psychiatric data to incriminate juveniles instead of finding medical interventions to mitigate the risks these youth are exposed to while incarcerated. Golzari, M., Hunts, S. J., Anoshiravani, A. (2006). The health status of youth in juvenile detention facilities. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(6), 776-782. Golzari, et al. (2006) surveyed the variables which influence the health status of youth in detention, as well as the health issues of this cohort which contribute to the morbidity and mortality of the general adolescent population. The authors are deemed authoritative in the field of medicine and in the academe. This work is an excellent resource for researchers and medical professionals who are interested in the well-being of juveniles exiting from detention facilities and how access of t hese group of adolescents to community health resources may be improved. Pack, R. P., Diclemente, R. J., Hook, E. W. (2000).